Machiavelli’s Cycle of Governance Essay

Ancient Rome such a stable and economically fruitful empire. Concerning the structures of governance as it was in 16th century florence, Machiavelli expressed the opinion that only six forms of government exist that maintain a perpetual cycle of short lived power before sucuming to, what he viewed as a natural end. This is brought about either due to a successful insurection and instalment of a form of government which evolved out of oppression or a form of government that eventually grew to become greedy and corrupt through generational changes. The model Machiavelli presents begins with a society in a ‘state of nature’ or ‘Anarchy’ that exists until the people begin to realise strength in numbers and seek leadership from the foremost individual who assumes rulership, thus evolving into a ‘Monarchy’. The good Monarch is however, succeeded by corrupt rulers who use their power for their own gain and control through ‘Tyranny’. The Tyrant is eventually overthrown by a rebellion and the rebels retain control amongst themselves collectively producing an ‘Aristocracy’. The Aristocrats are then succeeded by a generation that again, begins to use its powers to oppress the people and becomes an ‘Oligarchy’. Like the Tyrant, they are overthrown by the oppressed who then form a ‘Democracy’. As time progresses, order and control dissolve completely until we find ourselves in a ‘state of nature’ or ‘Anarchy’ once again. As Machiavelli saw it, because of man’s propensity to greed and corruption against the collective force of the oppressed victims, the cycle of instability could only ever provide temporal security and was not an effective enough solution. Machiavelli lived in a period of insessent political conflict and social disharmony which provided him with a deep rooted motivation to ensure order and stability could be demonstrated within the system he sought. Machiavelli drew the conclusion that a balance of power shared between a monarchical figure, an aristocratic institution and a democratic institution, as the Ancient Romans had implemented, was the most benificial arrangement in the interest of the state. In order to sustain order, it is necessary to employ the method of ‘checks and balances’, meaning each faction must regulate the other to prevent the accumulation of too power in the hands of an individual or particular group. Today we use the term ‘separation of powers’ to identify this form of self monitoring government. Although critics of this form of power regulation state that it slows up progress, promotes excesses of executive power and unaccountability, those who would champion the method maintain it is an effective means to ensure liberty and democracy while avoiding the possibility of tyranny.

Role of Nature in the Evolution of the Modern Cities

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW My thesis aims to research ; the importance of nature to an urbanite life the fast gait yet numbingly everyday life in this concrete jungle. There is no 1 definition to the relationship of adult male & A ; nature in the urban context of a metropolis and requires a multi-fold geographic expedition to get at any decision. My geographic expedition begins with a survey of the history and development of urban landscape vs. natural landscape in metropoliss. Followed by, research on the effectivity of bing agreements of the green alleviation pockets found in the metropolis and their relationship with urbanism in the metropolis. This forms the footing of research for future propositions made by critics and professionals, taking to any remarks that can be made on the relevancy of betterment and changes of the urban morphology. Through this layered researched, I aim to better understand the urban morphology in visible radiation of integrating of natural alleviation infinites into the urban lan dscape and its impact on the urbanites and their societal behaviors. 3.1 Role of Nature in the Development of the Modern Cities In the modern epoch of development ( 19Thursdayto 20Thursdaycentury ) , the growing of urbanisation [ 1 ] and the modern metropoliss has been a really rapid procedure. Contrary to the past where human homes have peacefully coexisted with nature [ 2 ] ( Refer to Figure 1 ) , late there has been a alteration of form. The new architectural layout of the human colonies is a web of cold concrete jungles with small concern for the function of nature in the urban landscape. Modern metropoliss came as an reply to the population growing after the industrial revolution [ 3 ] . Cities grew larger ; became the back bone of the economic system and following the motion of modernism, [ 4 ] came the changes in the life style of urban inhabitants. Exponential growing of building of high – rise edifices, modern places etc. replaced and destroyed the natural landscape, paving manner for more steel and concrete constitutions. This was the age of ‘man over nature’ [ 5 ] , where urban contrivers [ 6 ] followed the doctrine of generic forms, with no attending to localized environments and natural landscapes. Nature was a ductile entity, carved, flattened, relocated and unnaturally recreated to suit the demands of the built created by adult male. [ 7 ] Therefore, the construct of green alleviation infinites and the importance of natural landscape is either ; merely non considered, or an reconsideration, treated as sheer ornamentation to the edifices. Leaving the metropoliss, which house the larger Numberss of population [ 8 ] , with nil more than intimations of green infinites ; doing adult male to lose all connexions to his beginnings, i.e. nature, ‘ [ †¦ ] there were few who believed in the importance of nature in a man’s universe, few who would plan with nature’ [ 9 ] Karachi faired non really different from this general description of modern metropoliss. Furthermore, being the largest gross manufacturer and biggest of the few metropolitan metropoliss of Pakistan, it entertains a high inflow of rural-urban migration. [ 10 ] In order to suit the rampant enlargement in Numberss the metropolis is turning beyond bounds ( Figure 2 ) and destructing environing natural landscape in the procedure. [ 11 ] These surveies of the context of natural landscape within the urban landscape take me to research of how this current composing of the urban landscape impacts its user. 2.2 Urbanism ; Between the Urbanite and the Urban Landscape The first text under treatment ‘A Game on the Urban Experience and Limits of Perception’ , [ 12 ]apaper that uses the word drama to ‘ [ †¦ ] interpret the thought of sociableness and sensibility’ , [ 13 ] and foreground the ability of architecture to restrict human perceptual [ 14 ] interaction.It touches upon assorted subjects under the class of urban infinites of metropoliss, their architecture and their influence on people. The characteristic matching to my peculiar field of survey is the effort to understand how the architectural composing impacts the mundane life of the urban inhabitant. The research proposes usage of, new mapping techniques of Psychogeography [ 15 ] in the homesteader colony of Istanbul ( Pinar Mahalle ) , as they reflect the, ‘ [ †¦ ] Personal paths, finds, psychological distances, and looks [ †¦ ] ’ [ 16 ] of the participant under observation. This brought Forth two chief countries of focal point ; the eve ryday rhythm of mundane life experiences and the limited ‘multi-sensory perceptual experience in urban experience’ [ 17 ]Psychogeography, the hit of psychological science and geographics [ 18 ] is used as the method of resuscitating the urban experience of mundane life, in a mode that it arouses a sense of gaiety and consciousness within the participants, i.e. the users of the infinite. This playful enthusiasm gives manner to the, ‘Theory of Drive’ [ 19 ] which tests the geographical bounds restricting perceptual experience. [ 20 ] The dimensions of the boundaries of, ‘ [ †¦ ] societal attractive forces and emotional zones of the urban geography’ [ 21 ] need to be recognized so they may be extended to suit the participants.One dominant subject that stands out in the paper is the demand for intercession or adaptation of bing urban infinites to make more than merely a ocular experience, ‘Instead of mere vision, or the five classical se nses, architecture involves several kingdoms of centripetal experience which interact and fuse into each other.’ [ 22 ] This ability of architecture demands to be explored and integrated in design at the urban degree so within these crowded metropoliss some degree of interaction and familiarity may be developed.However, if these steps are non taken, people will stay stuck in a rut, detached from one another, losing out on common benefits and compromising on a complete multi -sensory perceptual experience of infinites.The 2nd short coming of the urban landscape highlighted by this paper is the cold, dead composing of the environment. The design format and layout is everyday, humdrum and lacks any signifier of alleviation infinite, ocular or physical. Therefore, the desperate demand of alteration in the bing format of these metropoliss is made apparent.Findingss of this paper are restricting in footings of contextual relevancy, nevertheless, twosome of statements discussed supr a are non far from the truth of Karachi’s cityscape. Furthermore, the methods employed for research can be carried frontward as portion of primary research techniques [ 23 ] .The paper besides highlights the function of architectural design and layout of the metropolis as a nucleus participant in the game, specifying the life style of the participants. Baig [ 24 ] , supports this statement by stating ; ‘It is non people entirely who generate the city’s ethos ; instead the inanimate objects, such as the urban landscape, besides contribute towards organizing the urban spirit.’ [ 25 ] The, ‘urban mizaaj’ ( i.e. urban landscape ) is dependent on the chances of life styles presented to the people by the, ‘inanimate objects’ [ 26 ] around them. The largest per centum of inanimate objects of any metropolis is edifices and their connexions i.e. architecture, thereby under the theory of Architectural Determinism, [ 27 ] built environment becomes the main dictator of societal behaviour and interactions. [ 28 ] After understanding the impact of the urban landscape on human life style, the following class efforts to research the relationship of the urbanite and the natural landscape ; in order to set up whether some of the spreads of the above discussed relationship can be filled through the add-on of natural landscape. 2.3 Relationship of the Urbanite and Nature As the modern metropoliss continue to come on towards a tech -savvy [ 29 ] hereafter the modern man’s isolation from nature continues. Our technophilia [ 30 ] and technophobia [ 31 ] , i.e. the love and fright of engineering thrusts us to want such a strong bid over engineering, that it becomes our slave. However, our increasing dependence on the technological promotions has reversed functions, and adult male has become a slave to engineering. Robert Thayer [ 32 ] , states that our love for engineering can be demonstrated by, ‘current residential landscape, dominated by house, private road and garage’ [ 33 ] along the broad roads built to promote the usage and easiness of cars. We so conceal behind a green facade and continue to populate through this heavy technological support system. [ 34 ] The consequence of this isolation is the happening of the term ‘solastalgia’ ; the hurting experienced when we withdraw from a natural topographic point we love and cherish [ 35 ] .Louv, in his books further argues the demand for interaction between adult male & A ; natural landscape and the effects of deficiency of this interaction. In his first book, ‘ Last Child in the Woods ’ [ 36 ] , he put frontward the disadvantages on the development of kids due to miss of exposure to, ‘Vitamin N’ ( N – Nature ) [ 37 ] , doing a syndrome of ‘Nature Deficit Disorder’ [ 38 ] . This is non a medical diagnosing but it is used to make consciousness of the damaging effects of this divide. These theories stemmed many out-of-door category room plans and incorporation of interaction with nature for kids has now become a more popular thought. [ 39 ] However, the impact of the book had a far more reaching impact than merely the restructuring or new experimental techniques of instruction ; it besides stimulated the nostalgia of many grownups. Adults either reminisced the memories of a different childhood, from that of their kids or related to the symptoms of the disaffection from nature. He farther supports his statement with simple illustrations such as, â€Å"Depressed people who were prescribed day-to-day out-of-door walks improved their tempers compared to patients walking in a promenade. Alzheimer patients exposed to natural light fluctuations experienced less agitation and wandering.† [ 40 ] The lack that Louv discusses in his plants highlights the importance of ‘Vitamin N’ , to heighten our physical and mental wellness. This construct can now be tied back to the treatment in the old subdivision of relationship between urbanites and the urban landscape. The defects in the urban landscape are holding a damaging consequence on the metropolis inhabitants and can be countered with the integrating of the natural landscape in the cityscape. Testing this statement farther, the following subdivision entails a survey of the connexions lost between adult male, nature and metropoliss ; if there is a demand to reconnect and how these connexions possibly made? 2.4 Man and Nature within the Urban LandscapeMy following text, ‘Design with Nature’ , [ 41 ] begins with a comparing of the metropolis and the countryside and the blunt differences between the two. When exhausted with the over overpowering metropolis one retreats to the soothing state side. However, every bit much as urbanites crave the alleviation found in the countryside they need the metropolis, whether for irresistible impulse of work or to carry through the demand to be portion of the fast gait life, therefore, they are drawn back to it. This reflects the divide in the feelings of adult male, torn between the roads taking to metropolis and countryside, coining the question of the writer of this book,‘It is my probe into a design with nature: the topographic point of nature in a adult male ‘s universe [ †¦ ] ’ [ 42 ]The writer writes from personal experience of holding grown up in the industrial old ages of Glasgow and foreground the pros and cons of the metropolis vs. the countryside. From the beginning, the book distinguishes the two poles ; nature vs. built, with adult male caught in the center. This brings frontward a really of import field of idea, â€Å" [ †¦ ] if we can make the humane metropolis, instead than the metropolis of bondage to labor, the pick of metropolis or countryside will be between to excellences, each indispensable, each different, both complementary, both life – enhancing, adult male in nature.† [ 43 ] This extract highlights the machinelike, cold character of a metropolis discussed in the first portion of this research and how an flight to the countryside is simply a patch solution. Therefore, it proves the demand of integrating of landscape within the urban context of the metropolis.Ian L. McHarg [ 44 ] categorizes the metropolis and landscape architecture into multiple chapters, giving a elaborate design methodological analysis of integrating nature in urban planning, its application and its demand for execution ; by exposing the connexions adult male finds within nature. Within these the more outstanding subdivision is of ‘The City ; Process and Form’ [ 45 ] , where the writer explores the relationship of the built environment with nature and how when the two are paired together they do non compromise their possible but instead heighten it. He speaks about how the morphology of human colonies should be moulded along the natural morphology. For illustration, when guidelines for step paces can be defined, there should be regulations against edifice on inundation fields. [ 46 ]‘We are going a land of great metropoliss. Villages are stationary or withdrawing ; metropoliss are tremendously increasing [ †¦ ] ’ [ 47 ]Similar to McHarg’s ideas on, ‘city of bondage to labor, the pick of metropolis or countryside’ [ 48 ] , Ebenezer Howard [ 49 ] at the beginning of his book,Garden Cities of To-morrow[ 50 ],ne gotiations about two magnets, the town and the state but in his analysis he proposed a simple remedy, ‘Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together, the two magnets must be made one’ [ 51 ] . Therefore, ensuing in the 3rd magnet the ‘Town – Country’ [ 52 ]Garden Cities of To-morrowgoes on to giving theoretical account programs ( Figure 4 ) and inside informations for a feasible system of town- state that developed with a cardinal park at its bosom. These thoughts and proposals were put away with the purpose to unite the best of both universes, bridging the spread of the rural with the industrial metropolis. [ 53 ]Critics consider Howard’s proposed system a instead Utopian solution to urban jobs, however, while the programs proposed may non be ideal, the thoughts can still be translated into new derivations.Bringing the research closer to place, to the metropolis of Karachi, research work refering unfastened green inf inites, vicinity Parkss, nature belts etc. is being done.‘Urban Open Green Spaces are an of import agent lending non merely to the sustainable development of metropoliss but are considered as one of the most critical constituents in keeping and heightening the quality of life particularly of urban communities’ [ 54 ]Muhammad Mashahid Anwar in his paper, ‘Recreational Opportunities and Services from Ecosystem Services Generated by Public Parks in Megacity Karachi-Pakistan’ [ 55 ] sheds an interesting visible radiation on people’s perceptual experience and positions on the assorted public green infinites of Karachi. Anwar carried out a study, with audiences of two changing income groups and vicinities, Defense Housing Authority and Gulberg Housing town. Consequences showed people’s purpose to utilize green public infinites, their willingness to pay if it ensures a clean good maintained environment and the most popular use of these public Parkss to be, nature grasp, light exercising such as walking and relaxation. The overall study proves people’s cognition about the topic and their concern for it, as bulk recognized its advantages of lower air temperatures, counter to air pollution, aesthetic sweetening, recreational end product etc. [ 56 ]The above texts study the urban scenes of metropoliss and the function of nature or the deficiency of nature in these metropoliss. Psychogeography aid find boundaries of sociableness of infinites and multi-sensory experience while ‘Design with Nature’ [ 57 ] and ‘Garden Cities of To-morrow’ [ 58 ] high spots the demand of the multi-sensory experience to feed off nature. Therefore, an convergence of these multiple beds can set forth a image of how Karachi’s urban signifier can integrate ‘nature’ intercessions, by redefining the urban landscape composing.

B.S. in Health Sciences Team Building (Mod 5 CSA) Essay

B.S. in Health Sciences Team Building (Mod 5 CSA) - Essay Example (HR Website) Performance assessment is done regularly in an organization generally in a period of one year. The main purpose of this is to help the employees improve their performance and increase their productivity which are in line with the corporate goals of the company. With the performance evaluation, employees are able to identify their strengths and weaknesses so that they can improve themselves. Five factors are considered while evaluating the employees including job knowledge and skills, communication, interaction, quality concerns and productivity (HR Website). Telling your employees about the performance feedback is as important as doing the performance assessment because this allows the employees to become aware of what other people in the organization think about the job he or she is doing. Managers should make sure that any negative feedback should not border on a personal attack and should be kept impersonal. During past eighteen months, I think my team has not been performing up to the mark. The members of the team are not able to coordinate properly with each other and when one is working in a team, coordination amongst the team members is very important. The health care team is not satisfying the customers as it should be. As a manager, the employees are reluctant to show their dissatisfaction to me may be because of the job loses meaning that they remain good and seem hard working employees when I am watching them out. This is the case since past 13 months and when I got to know about this by repeated customer complaints, I tried to figure out the problem. And after some hard work I found out that one of the reasons for the customer's complaints was from the people working for the night shift. Employees working under night shift work with their feasibility as the manager, that is me, is not there to look after them so there is not much check and balance on them. And the supervisor, w hose work is to keep a check and balance when I am not available, is also not doing his job properly. Another problem associated is that it's in our organization that the employees are recognized for their individual work even when they are working in teams. In a way it is good because it motivates that person who is being recognized by the boss but the problem is that we do not give appreciation as to the team as a whole usually. Therefore employees are not much motivated to work as teams. (Harris, 2004) It was not an easy task to evaluate how the employees had performed in the past eighteen months. I had to actually get old of the grass root reasons. The problem was that the major issue was of the night shift people therefore the employees working in the day shift also didn't knew well. I built an evaluation form for the emoployees but no concrete result was found from that because the employees were consciously aware that they were being evaluated therefore they were producing good n might be fake answers. Because of the weak system or lazy evaluator or lack of honesty, the evaluation is highly subjective. In the evaluation process, the primary emphasis is on the past rather than on the future therefore employees might not answer properly as the chances of improvements are less (McConnell and Umiker 2005). Many times employees do not get positive feedback from the

Speluncean Explorer Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speluncean Explorer Case - Essay Example The jury will hear the arguments from both the parties and then he will decide the truth or punishment. Normally in adversarial system the trial will be followed by an inquiry of the issue. In my opinion, the judge Natural who upheld the judgment, but reduced the punishment to 20 years life in prison, is more likely to be the best judge who acted as per the criminal justice system in Ukraine. In criminal procedures, the humanity or morality will only at the second place. At first place the as per the criminal justice system the judges need to analyze that whether the crime has been committed by the accused or not. They should confirm that enough evidences are there to sentence the culprits. So the first duty of the judges is to ensure that enough evidences are there against the culprit. The circumstances under which the crime has been conducted, comes only after the crime is established. The circumstances of the crime only used to determine how much punishment needs to be enforced. If the judge feels that the culprit has no other way other than the crime to escape, the judge can consider a liberal approach towards the culprit. Or in other words if the crime was conducted under no forceful conditions then the culprit needs maximum punishment. Here in this Speluncean Explorer Case, the crime was conducted only when there was no other way for the culprits to escape. So the judge can think of a liberal approach towards the culprits. But at the same time, under no circumstances, a person can take the life of another person because of its immense value. Since nobody can create a life in the laboratory, nobody can take the life of another person also. So in this case judge Natural is absolutely right in his judgment in my opinion. He has analyzed all the aspects of the crime both legally and morally. Though the culprits may be right legally, morally they were not. Capital punishment has to be reduced considering all the

Was a separate Jewish state necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Was a separate Jewish state necessary - Essay Example Anti-Semitism is commonly said to be the cause which forced the Jews to seek out a separate homeland of their own. This idea is supported by Herzl (1896) who gives several accounts of how Jews were persecuted in his own times and those times which are recorded by history. The keenest memory of anti-Semitic behaviour comes in the form of the German Jews who were persecuted, troubled and harassed by the Nazi regime. The holocaust brought upon by the Nazi regime was a horrifying experience for the European Jews but anti-Semitic feelings also ran to a large extent across Europe and America. Isseroff (2006) says that anti-Zionist propaganda is the main reason why some people suggest that Israel was created out of pity for the Jews of Europe after the Second World War. For him the European influence existed already before the events of the Second World War : ‘Israel was created as a result of the League of Nations Mandate of 1922, which granted a mandate to Great Britain to create a "National Home" for the Jews in Palestine’ (Isseroff, 2006, Pg. 1). Even before the holocaust, and in fact, long before the discovery of the new world, there had been calls for a separate Jewish state. Arguments for a Jewish country had been put forward by many Jewish and non-Jewish thinkers who suggested that separating the Jews from mainstream Europe might be a possible answer to the Jewish question. Despite these calls for a Jewish state, there have been arguments against a separate country for Jews (Scham, 2002). These arguments are based on economic and social factors and the debate means that there is more to the story than can be discerned from a cursory glance. Even the historical background of the Jewish persecution and the problems between the Jews and other nations would require volumes of information. The counterpoints to a separate Jewish state come from many sources and although charges of anti-Semitism can be made against those

The 'Alawis PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The 'Alawis - PowerPoint Presentation Example The Alawis community has survived in Syria as an individual group in spite of repeated threats and massacre by Sunni rulers who did not consider them as a separate religious group. Next to north western mountain ranges, Alawis are also settled in Latakiah province in Syria. Some nearby districts populated with this community involve Southern Turkey and northern Lebanon. When we look into recent years, we can observe that this community has moved to urban areas of Syria. Alawis belong to that Shia group which is considered the extreme sect. When we look into the history of Alawis community, we can clearly observe that they were always persecuted by Sunnis while living in Syria. This was the main reason why this community always preferred to live in mountainous areas as these areas prove to be a save heaven for Alawis. Abu Shu’ayb Muhammad ibn Nusayr (died in 874 AD) was the founder of Alawis community. He started his teachings from Iraq and Persia and finally bought to Syrian land by Al- Khasibi. This was the land where Alawis took their roots and survived with the passage of time. At the end of tenth century, Arabs conquest Syria where Alawis showed extreme hatred and resentment against Arab domination. This was the time when they joined hands with extreme Shia sect as revenge against Arab supremacy. Moreover, they also turned Islamic ideas and teachings into their own mold. Here it is essential to note that Alawis teachings always focused on the superiority of Persia as most of the prominent leaders and writers of this community had roots in Persia. A respectable name among Alawis leaders in the late tenth century was Khasibi who settled at Latakia, a province of Syria. From that time, this province became the centre of this communal group. Alawis again faced great deterioration and massacre by Sunnis during the first Crusades (1096-1099) after their favors for Franks. As

Service Recovery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Service Recovery - Research Paper Example In order to conduct effective service recovery, it is paramount that management institutes a cross-functional approach, which acquires a marketing perspective, management perspective and an operations perspective. This essentially entails customer recovery, employee recovery and process recovery respectively. This paper will examine the three elements of service recovery, discussing the best practice of service recovery through the extensive examination of the literature. Through the examination of the three main service recovery approaches in a number of industries, this paper will offer eight key hurdles that institutions have to overcome to bridge the gap between best service recovery practices and the actual recovery practices and suggest how to do so. Importance of Service Recovery Service recovery entails actions that a service provider institutes in response to a failure in terms of service delivery. Such a failure occurs when the perceptions of customers of the service provid ed do not match their expectations. As per this definition, it is evident that service recovery is not limited to service industries. Empirical research demonstrates that managing problems effectively entails the most vital component of a company’s reputation for excellent service delivery in institutions and industries. This means that a company that serves either internal or external customers should accept that failures are bound to happen; thus the essential thing is to institute systems and procedures that counter such failures. In recent years, a number of empirical studies have dealt with service recovery in numerous industries globally (Maxham and Netemeyer 61). Concern in service recovery has developed because companies and industries appreciate that poor service experiences are the main reason for customer switching, which also results in loss, in customer lifetime value. However, a viable service recovery system is noteworthy as it has immense, positive impacts on customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, word-of-mouth behaviour and subsequently, customer profitability. While certain studies show that great initial service is better than excellent service recovery, other empirical studies suggest that an excellent service recovery can result in even greater customer loyalty and satisfaction than if a company did nothing wrong in the initial place. This paradox is referred to as the service recovery paradox and holds true in most instances (McCollough 56). Literature on interdisciplinary services provides a rich source of insight and research on effective service recovery (Bell. and Zemke 33). The literature on service recovery shows that perceived justice is a vital element in the evaluations of service recovery. Reports on service failure show that perceived unfairness in customer treatment results, in lower customer satisfaction and loyalty. Service recovery must re-establish justice from the customer’s perspective. Justice entails th ree distinct dimensions, i.e. procedural, distributive and interactional. Distributive justice centers on the allotment of costs and benefits. This element asserts that customers weigh the benefits they gain from services with regard to the costs associated with the service.

Strategy for Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategy for Sustainability - Essay Example Identified Area for Improvement 14 5. Conclusion 16 6. References 17 1. Overview of the Paper and Briefing of the Selected Company The research paper is concerned with the presentation of materialistic evaluation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) of such a company that produces the particular report on the web. The objectives of the research paper will be fulfilled with reference to FirstGroup Plc. FirstGroup Plc is one of the top global operators of the transport services earning revenue of more than 6 billion pounds. The company began its operations in the north eastern part of Scotland twenty years ago. Along the UK and North America, FirstGroup is concerned with providing transport services to around 2.5 billion passengers per year. In these region, the total number of employees of the company stands at 125,000. FirstGroup operates with a collection of around 8,000 buses travelling in above 40 main cities and towns in the UK and North America. In Greyhound UK, the company also operates through the provision of regular services along London, Southampton and Portsmouth. FirstGroup proclaims itself to be the most popular transport service provider operating with complete safety, reliability, innovation and sustainable services. The company also presumes to be providing service with the mode of local approach but its presence can be experienced within the global environment (FirstGroup Plc, 2011). 2. Critical Evaluation of the Content of FirstGroup Plc CSR Report 2011 The contents that are included within the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) report of a company are, to a considerable extent, dependent upon the size of the company and also upon the particular sector in which the company operates. These are also dependent upon the legal position of the particular company along with the market position held (Hurst, 2004). Notably, these facts can also be considered as obstacles to the CSR reporting activities executed by organizations (O’Rourke, 2004). It is for this reason that the larger companies operating with at least 250 workers are more likely to be conversant with the concept of CSR than the middle companies with not more than 250 workers (European Working Conditions Observatory, 2009). However, considering several aspects of each and every company, it can be inferred that importantly, the most essential environmental and social issues are definitely required to be included in the CSR reports of the companies (Corporatewatch, 2006). Comparing the completeness of the CSR report of FirstGroup of the year 2011, it is noteworthy to mention that the report is consisted of adequate social and environmental issues. In this section of the research paper, the issues will be critically evaluated in order to measure the effectiveness of the company’s report. The report has been started with the message from the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Tim O’Toole. This is a justifiable beginning because the trustworthy mess age from the most important stakeholder of the company generate creates belief among the other stakeholders. However, messages from other important stakeholders could have also been added for enhancing the value of the Chief Executive’s proclamation. In the following section of the report, a brief introduction to the company has been provided briefing certain fundamental facts like that of revenue, number of employees, company’s spending on goods and services, transporting figures and costs of the employees. It is credible that the company has chosen to highlight these good facts that have strong implication towards

Use of Logic Essay Example for Free

Use of Logic Essay Logic plays a big role in our society today. In fact logic has played a big role in the advancement of civilization. There are many forms of logic and many different applications that go along with them. Logic seeks out the truth in statements through deduction and reasoning. Using logic one can test the validity of a statement just by understanding the format and the content of an argument. Logic is considered to be the science of reasoning and is mathematically inspired as it seeks an answer. Logic is not considered scientifically sound unless it is based off true premises. Sense logic is based off form it is safe to say that it is formal science. Logic is said to have historically originated from the Ancient Greek Philosopher Aristotle. Using the teaching of universal definition from Socrates, Aristotle devised a logical system. â€Å"Aristotle holds that a proposition is a complex involving two terms, a subject and a predicate, each of which is represented grammatically with a noun. The logical form of a proposition is determined by its quantity and by it quality.†(King, Peter, and Stewart Shapiro. THE HISTORY OF LOGIC). Through investigation of the relationship the two terms shared Aristotle theorized that if in certain form one could determine the validity of an argument. â€Å"Logic was further developed and systematized by the Stoics and by the medieval scholastic philosophers. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, logic saw explosive growth, which has continued up to the present.† (Drakos, Nikos, and Ross Moore. Logic and Mathematics). Logic is very useful when debating. â€Å"If engaged in properly, Philosophical arguments can open minds. It can rid us of ignorance and the evils of blind prejudices† (Falikowski, Anthony F. 128). From studying and understanding logic one can pick apart arguments. Just from the form and content of the argument its validity can be assessed. Not only is this useful when arguing as you judge the strength of someone else’s argument it can also benefit your own argument. Through logic you can see the flaws and weaknesses of your own argument. Then by reflecting on your own thoughts one can make their argument stand on their own if it is truly valid. Deductive logic is a form of logic and its more popular subdivision has been given standardized names: modus ponens, modus tollens, and syllogisms. Modus ponens is where you affirm the consequent by affirming the antecedent (If p, then q. p. therefore q.). Modus tollens is actually the opposite of modus ponens. Modus tollens is where the antecedent is denied through denying the consequent (If p, then q. Not q. Therefore not p.). Syllogisms on the other hand are not as concrete as the previous forms. The subdivisions of syllogisms but not limited to: hypothetical syllogisms, disjunctive syllogisms, categorical syllogisms, and practical syllogisms. â€Å"An extremely important form of deductive argument often used in philosophical debate is the syllogism which involve practical value reasoning† (Falikowski, Anthony F. 145). Inductive logic is still considered useful but cannot lead to necessary conclusions like in deductive reasoning. Inductive logic deals with probability, and is used to support factual, empirical claims. Inductive logic is then weaker than deductive logic however still hold some truth to them. Some forms of inductive logic are: argument from the past experience, argument by analogy, and argument by inductive generalization. These forms all deal with probability and should be tested before it is taken as fact, however one must be aware of the fallacious reasoning disguised as valid logic. â€Å"Informal logical fallacies are designed to persuade us emotionally and psychologically, not rationally† (Falikowski, Anthony F. 156). These arguments are often used by seats of power in attempt to allude a group of individuals. These forms of fallacies may be seen as forms of intimidation in hopes to divert attention from the real issues. Some of the more common informal logical fallacies are: ad hominem fallacy where you attack the person and not the issue. Straw man fallacy is where one person misrepresents the arguments of the person deliberately building a false person. Begging the question fallacy where the premise depends on the conclusion and vice versa. Other informal fallacies are two wrongs, slippery slope appealing to authority, red herring, and guilt by association. Only through understanding the informal fallacies can we deduct what we can take for truth. Logic is very prevalent today and proves quite useful on a daily basis. Through studying and familiarizing ourselves with logic we will be able to advance in society just as it has been done in the past. Logic helps us to see the truth in statements and allows us to be free from the vales of illusions. The current media and even the politics of today constantly deliberately mislead the general population and through logic we can test the validity of these arguments. Just as Socrates asked questions and sought the truth in the world we should do the same in hopes to benefit not only ourselves but our society as a whole. Works Cited Drakos, Nikos, and Ross Moore. Logic and Mathematics. Logic and Mathematics. PennState, 29 Jan. 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. http://www.math.psu.edu/simpson/papers/philmath/. Falikowski, Anthony F. Experiencing Philosophy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. King, Peter, and Stewart Shapiro. THE HISTORY OF LOGIC. Http://individual.utoronto.ca. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, 1995. Web. http://individual.utoronto.ca/pking/miscellaneous/history-of-logic.pdf.

How Charles Dickens shows Miss Havisham change over the novel Essay Example for Free

How Charles Dickens shows Miss Havisham change over the novel Essay How does Dickens show the change in Miss Havisham over the course of the novel?  Great Expectation is about a young boy named Pip and follows him throughout his life. Pip meets Miss Havisham a lady with a broken heart who has an adopted daughter named Estella, Estella is a pretty young girl that pip falls in love with. A close analysis of the novel reveals Miss Havisham is not the person she is perceived to be. The bitter and vengeful Miss Havisham is one of the main characters in Dickens novel Great Expectations. She is central to the novel and holds the plot together. Dickens waits until Chapter 8 to introduce the character to the reader, like Pip we are scared and frightened when we meet her for the first time. I should have cried out, if I could. This shows that Miss Havisham intimidates Pip; and as a result, we fear for Pip; and are also uncomfortable as readers. Also, the word haunting is associated when we think of Miss Havisham. This is because of her ghostly appearance, her disturbed state of mind, and the way she haunts Pip. If we are to say haunting is when someone/something has a lasting, negative effect on something, it is evidently shown that Miss Havisham is a gothic, disturbing, melancholic character. Dickens uses descriptive writing to describe Miss Havisham as a wealthy, well dressed woman in rich materials satins, and lace, and silk. Dickens uses imagery of luxury and opulence to give a clear picture in the readers mind about how Miss Havisham is dressed. Dickens also uses a simile withered like the dress to show how Miss Havisham has been trapped in time and grown old and decayed along with her white wedding dress, also reflecting her mental state. Dickens presents her to be a living dead, waxwork and skeleton as there is nothing healthy in her. She has allowed herself to get wasted and now she looks more dead than alive. Both Miss Havisham and her adopted daughter Estella, manipulate Pip for their own sick fancys. Miss Havisham states to Pip that her heart has been broken and she wants diversion. She also has had enough of men and women therefore, enclosing herself in her house. Miss Havisham was jolted at the altar by the man she thought she loved. As a result of her heartache and pain, she stopped the clocks at twenty to nine, and left the house and herself exactly the way it was on that day; never seen the sun since you were born. In addition, Miss Havisham uses Estella as a ploy, to seek revenge on all males. Estella is a young lady, who is very pretty. Estella is very rude and patronises Pip. She calls him by the name of boy which makes us feel sorry for Pip and dislike Estella. Estella known to be a beautiful, self possessed, scornful young lady makes Pip aware of his common working class background. He is powerfully attractive to the mysterious ways of Satis House and Estella. He accepts her cruelty as he truly loves her, he follows her taunting and harshness and wishes to become a rich gentlemen; to please Estella and to stop her name calling and for her not see him as coarse, rough boy. This is when Pip wants to higher his social class, starting the course of Great Expectations. Miss Havisham is the feeder to the way Pip thinks and manipulates him into thinking that she is the benefactor for him becoming a gentleman living in London. She leads him to believe this by slyly hinting that she knows more. Mr Jaggers is your guardian I understand? This makes pip believe that it is her that is helping him to becoming a gentleman. Although in the end we find out it is a convicted he helped when he was younger. Satis House, the reflection of Miss Havishams state of mind in every crevice; decaying. She has enclosed herself within the walls of Satis House letting no outside world in. The only way you can get in is through the front gate which is guarded at all times. The house remains to be the exact same as when she left it. The garden with trees fluctuated everywhere, grass in every crevice. This shows that its hasnt been cared for, just like Miss Havisham hasnt. The interior is also decaying. In Chapter 11, Pip goes into her room and sees a A bride-cake. Mine! that was seeming to grow. It is as if it is a part of her, a part of her past and past happiness that has gone. This makes the reader feel sorry for her, as she is truly heartbroken. Miss Havisham has been presented by Dickens as a cold, heartless character, only thinking about herself. Dickens makes us believe this by the way Estella is treated by her; the way Miss Havisham uses her to break all males hearts. Love her, love her, love her! Miss Havisham tells pip with passionate eagerness whatever Estella does he will love her. She curses him like a evil persuasive witch doing a spell. This shows that she focuses on one thing and must live up to a target; it is an unhealthy love its like obsession. Estella now cant love; she doesnt know how to love. Estella cant even love her Miss Havisham. This all changes in chapters 38 and 49 Miss Havisham feels guilty for making Estella becomes a cold heartless person. However, when Estella rebels to her adopted mother, Miss Havisham is truly sorry for her harsh actions what have I done? She says this repeated several times, truly sorry. As she has no idea what she has done wrong. Miss Havisham cant die without knowing she is forgiven. Dickens has shown he unmarried contradictory character Miss Havisham, has gone through many changes throughout the novel. Although Great Expectation is a novel about Pips life, it includes Terror, love, drama, and excitement; these factors of the novel are part of how Miss Havisham has changed.Towards the end of the novel in chapter 49 Dickens use of ominous language prepares the reader the Miss Havishams death. Funeral music, the cathedral chimes All these quotes prepare the reader for something to go wrong, like a death is going to occur. Dickens also explains when he walks pasted the priory garden, seemed to call to me that the place was changed this shows the future will change by a death. Miss Havishams death made a big difference to the novel. In chapter 49 Miss Havisham dies after server burns from an accidental fire. Her death is very painful. She was shrieking, with a whirl of fire blazing all about her, this death in some ways seems to release her from all her hurt and pain. The fire is symbolic; pip dragged the heap of rottenness in the midst, and all the ugly things that sheltered there. This shows it dragged all the decay and the living death away. The fire ended it all.   In conclusion to this Miss Havisham has changed from an evil witch who only thinks about herself to a woman who feels guilty for all the things she has done.

Expatriate Turnover And Retention Management Essay

Expatriate Turnover And Retention Management Essay This chapter discusses the relationship between the research questions and previous peer reviewed literature by demonstrating knowledge of contemporary research findings. It sets out the tangibles to be achieved through the dissertation in the broader context by discussing the need for collaborative approach in addressing expatriate turnover in KSA. Expatriate turnover and retention: Global Perspective As business establishments expand they are faced with the problem of an ever shrinking of the available skilled workforce. The demand for workers with the right combinations of qualifications, skills, experience and personal qualities is expected to increase. The ability to select the right candidate and retain them in the business establishment is crucial to a businesss sustainability and success in the coming decades. The global worker selection is a concept that is facilitated by globalization. A globalized economy and exponential technological progress have facilitated global mobility and flexibility in the workplace and workforce. The result is that experienced and skilled individuals seek international career opportunities. Due to skilled and experienced workforce shortage in many countries and the increasing demand for inter-culturally flexible workers with more differentiated skill sets, expatriates are strategically valuable resources for business establishments (Cao, et al., In press). While the number of expatriates has and is expected to steadily increase, business establishments have had to face fierce international business competition as well as challenges linked to the economic crisis. They consequently have had to adapt their strategies in order to reduce and control their costs. This has led them to downsize, restructure, merge or, relocate to remain competitive and to modify their approach to the way of compensating expatriates. Expatriate workers compensation is often considered extremely costly and time consuming for the business establishments involved. This perception pressures companies to either decrease their investment in international experience and knowledge, look for alternate international worker populations, such as self-initiated expatriates or decrease the coverage and amount of their expatriate compensation packages (Milkovich Newman, 2002) However, compensation practices and strategy are one of the most powerful and salient means by which the business establishment can send clear messages concerning about expected attitudes and behaviours. There is a danger that the pressures that business establishments feel to reduce compensation costs may lead to changes in expatriates perceptions as concerns their compensation package and the whole employment relationship thereby prompting them to change their attitude toward their employer (Conway Briner, 2005). Research has already noted that employees have lost their job security and therefore severed their socio-emotional attachment to their employers due to compensation friction. There has been a shift in the psychological contract between employees and employers such that the exchange relationship has become much more transactional and calculative nowadays. This means that those involved in the employer-employee relationship are directed by multiple motives that include a mix of selfish and social interests. The parties pursue their interests and strive to keep their commitment. The standard today for what expatriate workers consider acceptable in their exchange relationship, between employers and employees, may have shifted such that getting more than they deserve is more satisfying than what they actually deserve (Briscoe, et al., 2009). A consequence of this spiral of changes is that business establishments increasingly face tremendous challenges in attracting, motivating and retaining these valuable expatriate workers for sustaining their strategic development. They have to overcome the challenge of designing compensation programs that not only span the globe and support the business establishments strategic goals and objectives, but also guarantee consistency, equity and transferability throughout the entire working life of the workforce. Key challenges for business establishments are whether they have means of modifying the content of expatriate compensation packages to increase their costly and valuable employees affective commitment that are antecedent to job satisfaction and turnover attitudes so as to retain them without inferring incremental costs. Prior to this understanding, business establishments need to learn how their expatriates perceive and react to their compensation practices signalled by their pac kage, what types of rewards the workers value most and how these affect their decisions regarding their turnover or retention. In other words business establishments look for information about how to commit their costly expatriate workers to the business establishment. Understanding what kind of compensation elements and rewards motivate expatriates most might provide this information (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Getting the right person in the right place for the right length of time to execute a job is not a simple matter, more when expatriate workers are involved. It involves an array of considerations, such as the type of assignment and its remuneration; investment in staffing and places to work; and numerous professional, cultural and family pressures that can overwhelm the hardiest executives (Economist Intelligence Unit , 2010,). Multinational companies are increasingly recognizing the need to adhere to sound business practices to remain competitive in an increasingly flat business world. Moreover, they realize the critical and increasingly important role that expatriate employees play in managing and maintaining their global operations. This role is further complicated by the contracting global economy and labour pool (Shelton, 2009, p. 51). Expatriate employees and their role have received a considerable attention from researchers over the past three decades (e.g., Bhuian Al-Jabri, 1996;Carpenter et al, 2001;Yamazaki Kayes, 2004; Takeuchi et al, 2005).Carpenter et al, (2001) argued that expatriate executives are likely to be a valuable and unique resource for multi-national corporations. However, although the management literature frequently stresses the significance of expatriate employees in the development and effective functioning organizations, there is substantial evidence indicates that expatriates often fail in their international assignments and thus returned home or dismissed early (Baruch Altman, 2002; Lee Beaumont, 2001) But what is the meaning of expatriate turnover? And what is the difference between expatriate and local employees turnover? Expatriate turnover is a broad term that has many definitions in the current literature. It has been defined as return prematurely to home or failure in an overseas assignment before the assignment contract expires (Naumann, 1992; Bhuian Al-Jabri, 1996; Forster Johnson, 1996). Many significant reasons for expatriate turnover are flaws in the expatriate workers selection procedures, the mismanagement of the relocation process and inability to adjust in to a foreign country culture (Gregersen Black , 1992) Business establishments regularly bring in overseas skilled workers to overcome skills shortage. While they ideally wish to retain the expatriate workers, this is not always the case. In 75 per cent of the cases the workers spouses are unable to adapt to the new environment. Given that 85 per cent of all expatriate workers are accompanied by their spouses the case of spouses inability to adapt is a strong one. It is recommended that to ensure expatriate workers retention practical and psychological support must be provided to their families (Wells, 2008). Many spouses accompanying leave their careers behind them and often discover that neither their professional qualifications nor experiences correlate to job opportunities in the countries they settle in. They also lose their support networks, which include their family and established childcare arrangements, and quickly feel isolated, unhappy and anxious in the country they settle in. Expatriate turnover in the context of this research refers not just to the spectacular failure of an assignment in the overseas location but to a range of negative outcomes that affect the worker, the organization, co-workers and other stakeholders in the host country, the workers family and fellow expatriates. The ramifications of expatriate retention are wide: the loss of the resources they have put into a particular assignment; the potential damage done to the business establishments reputation and goodwill; the negative impact on a worker of having failed to measure up to expectations in the overseas assignment, and possible ramifications for familial relationships; and the loss of a valued workers expertise and experience. Both the scholarly literature and empirical evidence suggest that numerous factors impact on expatriate turnover including such issues as provision of appropriate cross-cultural training, in-country support, spousal adjustment, cultural distance and relationships with host nationals (Bennett, et al., 2000; Gudykunst, 2005; Kim, 2003; Samovar Porter, 2003; Zakaria, 2000). In an increasingly globalized world, business establishments find themselves in competition for a highly specialised workforce of skilled workers who can perform effectively across cultures and in a variety of environments. In recent years there has been a decrease in the number of suitable candidates willing to accept an expatriate posting. Shimoni et al, (2005) discuss this phenomenon and postulate a number of reasons for it occurring. They emphasize that one of the most significant reasons is that people have become aware of the difficulties associated with relocation and are reluctant to put themselves or their families through a disruptive process (Shimoni et al, 2005). A significant percentage of expatriate workers leave their company within one to two years of starting work where such was not the original intention of either the employer or the employee. This has significant negative consequences for both the business establishment and the expatriate. It is most commonly related to a lack of retention strategies in the relocation of expatriate workers and their dependants (MacDonald Arthur, 2003) Companies often place unrealistic expectations about handovers and mentoring of incoming expatriate employees once they have signed on. This can have negative implications for the incoming workers. In many business establishments, selection of an expatriate for a job offer is an indication that a particular employee is thought of highly. An expatriate worker, couple or family usually require assistance in a variety of forms and to differing degrees of intensity. There will be the practical issues around finances and time such as allowances for removals, resettling their children in school, the readjustment issues to the workplace, family and friends and acquainting themselves with the host culture. Depending on the difficulties of adjustment or if the move is particularly difficult or traumatic, there may be psychological issues, as well as social, financial and professional ones, that require specialist professional support. Business establishments have long recognized that benefits and compensation are key determinants of expatriates satisfaction and, as a result, retention. The Mercer survey bears this point out, as 86 per cent of the business establishments surveyed consider benefits provisions for expatriate workers a high business priority. Surprisingly, however, only 26 per cent of the surveyed businesses admitted to not having a policy for providing expatriate workers benefits. Moreover, 64 per cent of the surveyed business establishments have no specific procedures in place to measure the success of their expatriate benefits programs. Findings from the Mercer survey indicate that business establishments face two-pronged challenge in as far as expatriate workers retention is concerned. First, they must track the elements of their expatriate workers programs to ensure consistent administration and quantify a solid return on investment. Second, they need to address the global economic situation by communicating clearly with expatriate workers and providing transparency with regard to their benefits and compensation that in turn promotes their retention (Shelton, 2009, p. 52). In managing expatriate workers the business establishment must ask questions that include: Questions on culture Do the expatriate workers identify with the business establishment and the success of the business establishment as being of direct benefit to themselves? Do the expatriate workers see themselves as having common interests with their work colleagues and group? Is there a strong team spirit? Is work allocated on the basis of individual expertise rather than position in the business establishment? Are there sufficient skills/power bases in the business establishment? Are there appropriate leadership skills within the business establishment? Are expatriate workers encouraged to say what they think about the business establishment? Does your business establishment encourage innovation and creativity amongst expatriate workers? Do expatriate workers feel a sense of personal responsibility for their work? Is quality emphasized in all aspects of the business establishment? Questions on the business establishment Does the structure of your business establishment encourage effective performance? Is the organization structure flexible in the face of changing demands? Is the structure too complex? If so in what areas? Do the expatriate workers have clear roles and responsibilities? Does the organizational structure tend to push problems up rather than resolve them at the point where they occur? Do procedures and management in the business establishment practices facilitate the accomplishment of tasks? Questions on the expatriate workers Do expatriate workers in the business establishment have the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their jobs in the most effective manner? Do expatriate workers understand their jobs and how they contribute to overall business performance i.e. have clear goals and objectives? Do expatriate workers have a customer service orientation? Are personnel with potential spotted and developed for the future? Are expatriate workers encouraged to perform well through the giving of recognition and feedback? Do expatriate workers know what their expected performance standards are? Questions on the business management system Do organizations systems, which include employee selection and recruitment, promotion, planning, management, information and control, encourage effective performance among expatriate workers? Are these systems consistent across the business establishment? Are there clear rewards for effective performance within the work group? Does the organization review its systems frequently and ensure they mutually support each other? In a study to analyse global expatriate workers trends, the Economist Intelligence Unit (2010, p. 3) identified a number of key issues that include: Cultural and family pressures present the greatest difficulties in facilitating expatriate workers retention. An inability to understand local culture and cultural conflicts is one of the greatest difficulties for expatriate workers. Cultural sensitivity is thus regarded by some margin as the most important attribute for an individual seeking to work in a foreign country, and business establishments admit that it is not easy to find the right type of person in their ranks. More than half of expatriate workers do not relish the prospect of learning another language, suggesting a possible lack of commitment to their role. The spouses needs have become more important than ever in expatriates workers acclimatisation. Perhaps the greatest obstacle to the success of an expatriate placement lies with the expatriates spouse and/or children, who may resent the sudden separation from their own career, social life, schooling and routine. The resulting strain on family relationships can often bring about a premature end to the work. Expatriate turnover and retention: KSA Perspective The KSA is an emerging global business hub that represents approximately thirty billion dollars worth of annual export potential. This has acted as an incentive for business establishments that require an array of diverse workforce to base their operations in the country. Consequently, the country has become an international business focal point resulting in the country experiencing exponential increased interest from the global workforce (Bhuian, 1995). The countrys need for more of the global workforce is increased by the inexperience, less knowledge and inadequate of the indigenous workforce. (Baker Abou-Ismail, 1993) reported that as of 1992 approximately 7 million expatriate workers were engaged by business establishments within KSA. These expatriates are mostly employed on a contract bases and usually undergo cultural shock on getting into the country. While contractual employment is preferred by a majority of the expatriates, there major concern lies with extrinsic rewards, pay, fringe benefits, stability and security that come with their job. While the expatriates attempt to adjust to the local culture, there efforts are no free of problems as they are made aware that their adjustment directly affects their effective performance (Baker Abou-Ismail, 1993). Expatriate workers turnover is a concern for business establishments based in the KSA. This problem is further compounded by shortage of available, skilled and qualified indigenous Saudi citizen workers. This has resulted in a scramble for available, skilled and qualified expatriate work force. While the expatriate workers are engaged with the intention of employing them for a definite period of time, this is not always the case as a some leave before their time elapses due to ineffective work performance and dissatisfaction resulting in significant direct and indirect costs incurred by the business establishment (Yavas et al, 1990). Past researches on the subject of expatriate turnover have identified three categories of expatriate workers turnover tendencies (Tyagi Wotruba, 1993). These tendencies include: Work-related attitudes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment) Personal characteristics (age, education, and experience) External environmental factors (organizational climate, management practices and supervisory behaviours) It is generally accepted that while the three identified categories have a bearing on expatriate workers turnover and retention, the management of the business establishment can only control the work-related variables. The personal characteristics can, to some extent, be controlled by the expatriate employees selection process and can be enhanced by effective training programs. The external environment is usually difficult to change in the short run though this can be done in the long run (Tyagi Wotruba, 1993). Literature suggests that employee turnover tendency and job satisfaction may differ with respect to the types of employee (expatriate or domestic), the nature of the job (permanent or contractual), and the types of organizational culture (traditional-bureaucratic or supportive culture) (Banai Reisel, 1993; Gregersen Black , 1992). Saudi Arabia, one of the most important international markets in the developing world, provides an ideal setting for a study on expatriate employee turnover tendencies because of the attendant presence of a large expatriate community in the country. Over the last five years, HICAP has suffered from a dramatically increase in expatriate turnover. The average annual expatriate turnover rate was 3.2, 4.5 8.2, and 13 per cent respectively (Dabbas Elvin, 2012). This is a potentially expensive problem for business establishment as replacing departed employees cause significant direct and indirect costs (Bhuian Al-Jabri, 1996, p. 393). To give an example, HICAP paid around 4 million dollars as a penalty for delaying the delivery of one of the projects because of the unexpected resignation of six key members of the implementation team (Dabbas Elvin, 2012). Due to the relatively increasing rate of expatriate turnover, academics and scholars have expended considerable resources to study its causes. In the study of predictor variables of expatriate turnover, Naumann, (1992) identified three categories of predictor variables that precede expatriate turnover. These categories are: (1) job/task characteristics, which involves the degree of expatriate satisfaction in the job assignment; (2) Organization characteristics which includes Behavioural, structural, and demographic characteristics of organizations (p.509); (3) worker characteristics, which includes the employee demographic characteristics such as age, gender, material status .etc. Similarly, (Bhuian Al-Jabri, 1996; Tyagi Wotruba, 1993) proposed three categories of what they called expatriates turnover antecedents: (1) personnel characteristics which can be controlled through different processes such as employee selection and training processes; (2) work related characteristics that can be controlled by organizations; (3) external environmental factors which they argue that it is unchangeable and does not have a great impact on expatriates turnover. Limited studies investigated expatriate turnover in the KSA. But why is the KSA important and why has it been selected for such research? The KSA can be considered as an ideal environment for conducting such a study. It is one of the most important exporting markets in the world. In 2006 the KSA was considered among the top 23 global exporting countries with approximately 175 billion dollars worth of exports (Anon., 2008). However, according to the latest study conducted by the ministry of labour in KSA, two thirds of the employees, working in the private sector are expatriates (Anon., 2010). These expatriates and especially their families cannot adjust easily with the Saudi culture and consequently not performing effectively (Bhuian Al-Jabri, 1996). Consequently, vast amount of losses were incurred by local organisations (Yavas et al, 1990: Dabbas Elvin, 2012). However many gaps and limitations were noted in previous researches which will be tackled in this research: First the above studies neglect the effect of external organizational factors on expatriate turnover. (BhuianAl-Jabri, 1996) argued that external environmental factors are usually unchangeable in the short run thus they have excluded their effect on expatriate turnover. While (Naumann, 1992) did not consider external environmental factors as an antecedents for expatriate turnover. Second, it has been argued that workers characteristics did not show any significant impact on expatriate turnover. Not only this, all of the previous studies concluded that there is no or little correlation between expatriate demographic characteristics and turnover. Research hypotheses Research hypotheses act as a guide in designing and conducting the research. There are two types of hypotheses in any research process; testable research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0). The H1 is that; demographic characteristics, external and internal environments have an influence on expatriate turnover. The H0 acts as a fall back in the case that the H1 is disapproved (Johnson, 1975). The H0 is that; demographic characteristics, external and internal environments have no influence on expatriate turnover. This research study empirically analyses the expatriate demographic, organizational internal and country external variables that may lead to expatriate turnover in HICAP in order to develop a functional match for between the antecedents for expatriates turnover the KSA. In establishing this functional match, the dissertation looks into factors affecting expatriate turnover. The outcome can be used by both scholars and business executives in offering insights into the best way for KSA business establishments to retain expatriates as well as build a framework for future analysis.

Father Solanus Casey :: essays research papers

Father Solanus Casey played an important role in many people's lives, just like Jesus. He believed that living a good life meant living a life of service, love, prayer, sacrifice, and worship. He also believed that self sacrifice was imperative to a good relationship with God. His dedication to God leads to the assumption of many similarities between him and Jesus. Father Solanus believed in a life of heavy worship. From the time he was a little boy to the time he died he prayed more than once daily. He held the belief that he would be sustained throughout his life by rosary devotion to Mary. Sometimes, during his life at the monastery, Fr. Solanus would fall asleep on the chapel floor while praying. Fr. Solanus believed praying helped him realize God's wonderful gifts and everlasting plans for us. Father Solanus did his best to help build the reign of God. He preached to Catholics and non-Catholics alike about God and Jesus. He invited all people to join the reign of God by loving God and loving their neighbors. Fr. Solanus worked hard to preach the good news of the gospel to everyone. He also worked hard trying to feed the poor and heal the sick, just as Jesus did. Fr. Solanus's whole life was devoted to helping the reign of God, just like Jesus' was. Father Solanus reflected the paschal mystery in many ways. His death, like Jesus' death on the cross, was slow and painful. He also prayed in his last moments. His death was a very sorrowful event to his followers, just as Jesus' was. After Fr. Solanus was dead, he continued to help and heal people, just as Jesus did. When Jesus washed his disciples' feet he was showing his love a devotion to them, even though he knew that they would betray him in his most desperate hour of need. Father Solanus tried to show this same love and compassion to all the people whose lives he touched. When Father Solanus helped people and healed people he knew some of them were sinners. When he helped people he knew some of them were not catholic. When he advised people he knew that they had previously made bad decisions. But none of these things mattered to Father Solanus, because he loved all of God's children, just as Jesus did. Father Solanus left many models of how to live life correctly behind when he died, just as Jesus did.

The Complex Relationship Between Multiculturalism and Feminism Essay

The Complex Relationship Between Multiculturalism and Feminism These days, it seems that multiculturalism is generally an assumed good. Increased acknowledgement of diversity and cultural sensitivity seem to be steps toward leveling the playing field for all human beings. And that is the goal of much scholarship and activism, right--to secure and ensure human rights across the board? That is one of global feminism’s aims, so it would seem that multiculturalism would help, not hinder, feminist work to better the situation of women. That is not necessarily the case. It may be helpful to first clarify what is meant by both feminism and multiculturalism. Though it is difficult to definitively state what is meant by these complex terms, Susan Moller Okin is able to sum up the essence of feminism and single out a facet of multiculturalism that is particularly relevant. In her essay, â€Å"Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?,† Okin explores the relationship between feminism and multiculturalism, especially pertaining to the granting of â€Å"group rights.† Okin writes: â€Å"By feminism, I mean the belief that women should not be disadvantaged by their sex, that they should be recognized as having human dignity equal to that of men, and that they should have the opportunity to live as fulfilling and as freely chosen lives as men can.† She goes on, writing that â€Å"Multiculturalism is harder to pin down, but the particular aspect that concerns me here is the claim, made in the context of basically liberal democracies, that minority cultures or ways of life are not sufficiently protected by the practice of ensuring the individual rights of their members, and as a consequence these should also be protected through special group rights of priv... ...a hard time representing our entire country’s population in a few sentences, or even a few pages. The American cultural system of today is far different than the culture of the 1940’s, and my experience as a Southerner is quite different than that of someone from New England. Multiculturalism seeks to protect cultures from extinction, it is very dangerous to over-simplify a complex cultural system and identify it by its most extreme practices. Feminism and multiculturalism do have some of the same goals; chiefly, equality of rights for all human beings. It is true that some efforts of multiculturalism counter feminism’s goals to empower women, but I do not think that this must always be the case. Cultural sensitivity is not enough; we must consider cultural practices, the workings of the cultural system that supports them, and how that system itself came about.

Advices for Those who marry

Marriage is the institution under which man and woman become legally united in a permanent basis, or it is an intimate linking together (New Webster Dictionary, International Edtion, 2004) Marriage is a life _ long, serious commitment that needs to be made between two people who are very sure about exactly what they are getting into (Romance Class. com Advice). Marriage life is a long term relationships and death is the only way that can make the man and woman separate from each other.It’s very important that once u get married both the man and woman is ready and capable enough to face the challenges they may tackle in life. Body of the Paper This paper will discuss on the possible don’t for marriage and their possible advices like for instance: Before entering into marriage life, a man and a woman must think it over and over again if they are already in the right age to become a father and a mother of their future children.It is very common nowadays that people who are together for a long period of time and suddenly to have their relationships change and ended over the years. One of the possible causes of don’ts or failure of marriage is the marrying at early age; teenagers get married just because of hot passion of love and emotions, not thinking what will happen to their marriage life in the future. Mostly of the married couples in their early age will not prosper and some lead to separation.Marriage should never ever involve someone pressuring the other, like in the Islam religions it is their parents who will choose who will be the future husband or wife of their children’s, and they are force to marry in their early age because they don’t have choice but to follow, this marriages just resulted to break ups and separation. In marriage, one of the important factors is the relationship that also needs a ton of work to keep it going. While it’s easy in the early days to coast on the rush of passion, it’s much h arder as it goes on to maintain the relationship between the husband and the wife.(Romance Class. com Advice). People don’t take breaks or break up when they’re happy but if something was wrong that will lead to destructive conclusion. One of the most important things in marriage is the ability to work through problems and actively address issues on how to resolve it successfully to preserve marriage. People should not be married if she he don’t have patience because marriage life will runs thin when we are in a hurry and want things instantly or right now; especially when it comes to love, Love is patience and kind.It is very important to know ourselves first before we try to get to know someone else too intimately, being a couple both of them must be open to each other, and must share all the happiness and frustration in life. The wrong time would be when you are marrying just to please someone else, but not yourself. Remember that you are the driving force in your own life, when you lose control or give up that responsibility to someone else, disaster will surely follow and you will be the one to suffer for the rest of your life. Some basic attributes that will help strengthen or tear down your marriage.As simple as they are, they are easily set aside or overlooked. So let's take a look and get a good reminder right now of the important â€Å"do's† and â€Å"don'ts† in a marriage. Do pray, a couple that prays together connects on an emotional level. You unite in your beliefs and values; therefore you bond emotionally and spiritually. Do show affection, play and laugh Marriage should be fun! There's enough work involved. Don't forget to enjoy each other in addition to sharing the work load. Do encourage each other, just because you are married doesn't mean you or your spouse don't need encouragement.We all do. Hearing that someone believes in you or is encouraging something that is important to you, makes all the difference in the world in how you feel about yourself and them. Do invest time in your relationship; the toughest obstacle for parents is finding time alone together. Make sure you do. Whether it's an hour locked away together before bed time or a set date night†¦ find what works for your situation. Don’t refuse to forgive, we teach our children to forgive, so should we! Some hurts take longer to heal than others, but grudges and resentments only push away love.Don’t snipe; sarcasm is the biggest disease in our homes these days. And it can be painful! Sniping and making sarcastic comments never builds up a home or a marriage. Work now at breaking this harmful habit. Don’t compare, your husband may not be like your friend's husband, but hey, you're not like your friend either! We all have strengths and weaknesses. Comparing only enhances the weaknesses instead of boosting the strengths. And it's never fair to anyone. Don’t criticize, we all make mistakes. Give each other some room. Doesn’t play the blame game, we all do this?Why is it so tough to say, â€Å"I'm Sorry†? Blaming never solves the issue at hand – it only divides you as a couple. Don’t want to personally win, Marriage is a team. You should be on the same side. Don’t yell and fight so hard, Disagreeing and arguing is bound to come to every marriage. But when you start the trend of yelling, slamming doors, etc – that can become a habit that ends up crippling communication. Learn to be constructive and practical when you disagree or take a time out until your emotions calm a little (Christian –Parent, Focusing on Family Values). Conclusionâ€Å"Every one of us is entitled to be happy† but marriage life is not an answer for that saying. Before planning or entering marriage we have to consider many things, we have to ask guidance from our parents and especially to our creator if we are ready or not to face the biggest challen ges that we in life. Marriage life is more successful if it is done in the right time, if both are emotionally stable, and if both are financially ready for their children’s to come, because the only way a relationships can work smoothly if both people was actively work to reach the goals they want to achieve.References Romance Class. com Advice, Retrieved December 9. 2006 from http:// www. romanceclass. commiscradvice653 Sanchez Dionna, Do’s and Don’ts of Marriage Retrieved December 9, 2006 from http://www. christian-parent. com/marriage/062605a. shtml Sister’s Advice, Retrieved December 6, 2006 from http://www. advicesisters. netgifts%20jpegsDoubletakeedt- When the right ones come along, Retrieved December 9, 2006 from not ready towed. http;\www. datingtop. netadvicearticle. php? id=7

Description of Life and Circumstances Essay

The interaction of different people with the country’s criminal justice systems varies significantly, and one of the common factors is that it varies according to ethnicity. Indigenous people tend to have more encounters than the others; and this encounter is always resulting into mixed outcomes. In extreme cases, death is the ultimate destiny for some of the prisoners. For Lloyd Boney, his death in custody became the subject of many inquiries seeking to investigate the many aspects surrounding his arrest, imprisonment, and subsequent death. This paper seeks to evaluate the findings of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) report about Lloyd Boney’s death. Being a native, his death in custody served to add weight to the existing belief that indigenous people usually had a rather abstract encounter with the country’s criminal justice system (THE RCIADIC NATIONAL REPORT, 1991). The main aim of the paper is to review five factors that are deemed to have been responsible for Lloyd Boney’s ending up ion custody. Description of Life and Circumstances (Biographical Details) of Lloyd Boney Lloyd Boney’s birth took place in Walgett (THE RCIADIC NATIONAL REPORT, 1991). From his childhood, Lloyd Boney, also called James, seemed to be born with misfortune. A short time after his birth which is only approximated to have been in December 1958 (the Native Aboriginals hardly ever keep records of their birth and most of the births take place at home), his parents parted ways. So Lloyd Boney and his twin sister had to remain under the care of their father when their mother left. But being a seasonal worker, their father could hardly raise the family as required and soon the care of Lloyd Boney and his sister passed on to their aunt. They thus grew up under foster parents although this is generally acceptable in the aboriginal culture. Therefore, his aunt, who had about other fifteen children to care for together with her husband, had to treat Lloyd Boney and his sister as her own children (THE RCIADIC NATIONAL REPORT, 1991). In fact Lloyd Boney referred to her aunt and husband as his parents in accordance with aboriginal cultural requirements. His schooling is not well documented but it is believed that he joined school aged five and studied until around 1974 when he was forced to leave school (THE RCIADIC NATIONAL REPORT, 1991). Throughout this time at school, however, he seemed to have not really learnt a lot because by the time he went into prison he could not read and write well and had to solicit the assistance of others to do this. In 1973, just one year before he left his schooling in the first year of high school, Lloyd Boney faced his first charge of breaking into a house, getting into it and stealing some assets. He was convicted of the offense even though he was represented by an attorney from the Aboriginal Legal Service (THE RCIADIC NATIONAL REPORT, 1991). However, he was released on probation and required to continue schooling and to be well behaved. Lloyd Boney was later to have a record of crime various crimes committed; becoming a common antagonist with the police. In his early adulthood, he was diagnosed with epilepsy, a condition which saw him in and out of hospital very frequently. From this early upbringing, it is clear that a number of factors stand out that must have made Lloyd Boney to find crime unavoidable even as young as fifteen when it is believed he first came into contact with the criminal justice system (THE RCIADIC NATIONAL REPORT, 1991). RCIADIC Explanations for Lloyd Boney’s Pathway to Crime or Conflict with the Law The RCIADIC report is rather not very clear as to what especially led the young Lloyd to engage in crime from that early age. However, there are many reasons detailed in the findings of the report. As earlier mentioned, his life in crime was more the result of the poor care he received from the guardians. His uncle being away to work most of the time and his adopted mother being burdened with the care of many other children, Lloyd Boney was rather without the care and supervision he would have needed to grow up as a responsible child and avoid crime. Another issue that is cited as having been responsible for his life in crime was his relationship with one Grace Wilson which faired on sumptuously. The relationship moved from nasty to sour to bitter-sweet and to sweet but it was never a real satisfying one for both parties. Although they managed to live together for a long time, actually until Lloyd died in prison, it was a relationship which contributed to his crime life. This is because he was abusive and constantly found himself on the wrong side of the law for the crime. Grace helped him to indulge in excessive drinking, a factor that played a key role in most of the offences he was convicted of throughout his life. Actually, alcohol consumption is listed separately as having led him into criminal life. He was thought to be a good person until he started drinking and virtually all the offences he was arrested and charged with were committed when he was under the influence of alcohol (Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, 1991). Identification and Analysis of Five Major Factors that Explain Lloyd Boney’s Pathway to Crime or Conflict with the Law From the onset, it is apparent that Lloyd Boney was a victim of his circumstances as opposed to a person who was ready and willfully inclined to engage in crime. Instead, most of his troubles seem to start at the point when his parents separate and is left under the care of foster parents (Daly). The first factor responsible for his venturing into crime eventually, therefore, is his separation from his parents. Although this happened in a different way so to speak, it was a separation all the same. For a long time, many aboriginal children have been forcibly taken away their parents and adopted by foster parents who might be close relations of the first family or who are totally different. With different aims, these separations expose the children to a totally different kind of upbringing which in turn exposes the child to a moral deficiency. For Lloyd Boney, nothing is wrong for as long as he is staying with his parents. And although he was too young to do anything suggestive of crime, it is an undeniable fact that aboriginal parents are the only people who have the most in-depth understanding of the best ways to bring up their children. Try as they may, foster parents – whether aboriginal or non-aboriginal – cannot bring up aboriginal children to be well behaved and responsible for their actions as their own parents can. So although Lloyd Boney is living under the care of his aunt and her husband, he cannot really receive as much attention as he would have received if he was with his own parents (Ross, H. et al. , 1999). Most of the literature is full of cases of aboriginal children being separated from their parents forcibly for purposes of having them changing their way of life. They are adopted by totally different people or are placed in non-aboriginal child welfare societies where they are brought up is segregation and isolation from their parents and communities, their native way of life and their culture. The colonial powers instigated this practice but it is still applicable in certain instances. This has been a major cause of the rather high rates of aboriginal young people who find themselves on the wrong side of the law. The second factor that led Lloyd Boney to a criminal life was the general nature in which aboriginals are treated by law enforcers in contrast to non-aboriginals (Ross, H. et al. , 1999). Having been brought up witnessing the obviously favoritism that was displayed by law enforcement agencies, Lloyd Boney had no qualms that whatever he did he would be seen to be on the wrong anyway. He grew up knowing and witnessing the injustices meted on those of his own ethnicity and might have subconsciously made up his mind to rebel against anything that the non-aboriginals stood for. Theory proves it that when one is opposed to a certain personality, one moves to oppose and reject all that that personality or institution stands for. So Lloyd Boney must have become opposed to the entire law of the land because it was oppressive. So he hated the law and wanted to do all that was contrary the law not because he wished but he saw it as a way to pay back for there wrongs committed by the law and its enforcers against his own people. He also rejected school because he knew formal education was not an aboriginal thing but that of whites. The literature brings the issue of discrimination based on race into context by citing different cases that depict it. In not a few of the cases, even the law enforcers themselves admit that they are rather discriminative (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007). They have been conditioned to believe that only black aboriginal people can do what is right. A case is cited of a group of white and aboriginal young schoolboys who are found to be drunk in the streets yet the police arrest only the aboriginal boys and leave the whites. Questioned about their actions, they claim that the white children are not aware of there being a law prohibiting getting drunk for the young. This illustrates high levels of discrimination in the legal system. The third factor that prompted Lloyd Boney become a person opposed to the law is racism. Racial discrimination is rife in this country. Every aboriginal or non- white is treated very differently by the other races not for any other reason but just because the color of one’s skin is different – black. Black is almost associated with evil and white with good. Racism has infiltrated the legal system, worsening the already frosty relationship that the aboriginal youth have with the law enforcers (Ross, H. et al. , 1999). Apart from the incident cited earlier of police picking black offenders from a mixed group of students and leaving behind the whites, many other incidents of racially motivated arrests have been reported. This has moved on to prisons where the treatment of inmates is racially motivated. This alone has made native aboriginals to dislike the police force in this country and rather than viewing them as good people doing a good job view them as enemies out to finish them. They, therefore, keep rebelling against the law (HREOC, 1997). For Lloyd Boney, this factor made him to go in and out of jail many times. He was almost always aware that the police would look for faults in him just for his being an aborigine. If this had not been the case, it is likely that he would have changed his behavior when he was first convicted of breaking in and stealing. But because it became apparent that police were watching him alone he resented the idea of ever reforming. To him, it was no use being good to the police officers when they had already labeled him and his people as bad and as a criminal. Whenever anything wrong happened it was the aborigines who were asked to explain first what they knew. The fourth factor is alcoholism (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2003). It has been established that alcohol serves as a great contributor to criminal tendencies mainly because once one is under the influence of alcohol one is unable to make sound decisions ad judgments. For Lloyd Boney, his drinking habit kept him in a trap where he virtually could not avoid crime. All offences committed by him were committed when he was und rte influence or when he wanted to get drunk (Daly). His being addicted to alcohol literally led him to commit crime, starting from domestic violence and moving on to others like driving under the influence, violating the terms of his probation, and resisting arrest. In the literature, it is found that alcohol consumption is a common practice among aboriginal communities and this could partly explain why most of them engage in crime. Finally, Lloyd Boney’s pathway to crime can be explained by social and economic factors. The natives of this country are people who are grossly deprived of even the most basic of needs there ever can be. This is in spite of the ability to lead very simple lifestyles and to survive on very little (Atkinson, 19I4). This depravity is sometimes very severe that people are compelled to commit crimes to get something to sustain themselves. Lloyd Boney constantly stole because he did not have a job so he could work and earn. Yet he had needs to meet daily. Earlier in life, he had a family which was so deprived that he had to look for was to survive. Growing up in a family of more than seventeen people al depending on one person is not an easy thing. For him, if he had the social support he required and if the resources were sufficient he most likely would not have ventured into crime (Ross, H. et al. , 1999). Reflection on Analysis Lloyd Boney is a person whose criminal life is largely the result of the conditions where he grew up as opposed of what might been in his own making (Report of the Inquiry into the Death of LLOYD JAMES BONE, 1998). This is because he is not recorded as having had any really bad habits until he was in school where he committed his first offence. What made him to go into crime are f actors that are surprisingly covered in available literature. He is a person who understands that the police in his country are racist, that the legal system itself is skewed to favor non-aboriginals, and that regardless of what has to do one is likely to find oneself on the wrong side of the law as long as one is aboriginal. From the literature, factors listed as making aboriginals to be the more likely people to find themselves on the wrong side of the law include the social and economic situation they finds themselves in, the nature of the country’s criminal justice system which is not at al fair, the cultural settings under which aboriginal children grow, and the separation of aboriginal children from their parents so they can be forced to change their characters and culture. The others are alcohol consumption which is a practice rife among aboriginal communities, peer pressure that young aboriginals experience, and the country’s racial tendencies which favor whites against aboriginals. In this entire issue of Lloyd Boney, these factors interplay from his birth to the time of his death in prison. What is evident is that he went in prison for no real seriously crime. If he had been economically capable, he probably would not have ended up in prison as indicated by the mild nature of his charges. On this basis, it is critical that such issues are considered together with the recommendations made to by the RCIADIC commission so that not only the deaths of aboriginals while in prison are reduced but their rate of committing crime is also lowered. Word count: 2,566 References Atkinson, J. (19I4). â€Å"A nation is not conquered. † Domestic violence and incest resource center Australian Human Rights Commission (2007). Bringing them home Community Guide. Australian Human Rights Commission Australian Human Rights Commission (2003). Social Justice Report 2003. Australian Human Rights Commission Australia, Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, Report of the Inquiry into the Death of LLOYD JAMES BONEY (1998) Daly, K. Government policies of protection-segregation and assimilation and their impact on Indigenous people. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) (1997). Bringing them Home – Community Guide. Sydney, NSW: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Memmott, P. et al. (2001). Violence in Indigenous Communities, â€Å"Causes of violence THE RCIADIC NATIONAL REPORT (1991). â€Å"The Reasons for Offending. † Ross, H. et al. (1999). ‘Risk and Resilience: Crime and Violence Prevention in Aboriginal Communities. ’ THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY, VOLUME 32 NUMBER 2 1999 PP. 182-196 Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (1991) National Report, Vol. 2. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government Publishing Service.