How does adolescence mark a change in thinking and experience? Essay

Inherent in the study of human behavior is the basic comprehension towards the life cycle. This life cycle appreciates the stages which every human being shall pass beginning at birth and ending in death. With these views, theories are made with the three major assumptions in mind: First the essential premise to the varieties of life cycle theories proposes that there is a sequential order of development that is successive and clearly defined. Second is the assumption that each individual stage or period comprises of events or crises that need to be resolved for the development to progress in a smooth manner. This is termed as the epigenetic principle. Whenever an individual fails to attain a resolution to a particular crisis or event, the subsequent periods will manifest that failure in such modes as the individual’s cognitive, physical, social and emotional maladaptive behavior. Thirdly, while these stages occur in sequence and contain events or crises that the individual needs to resolve, each stage however, reflects a â€Å"crisis point’ that makes each phase distinct from either of its preceding and succeeding stages. ~Nature and significance of the study Erikson is a key figure in the study of developmental psychology. He is instrumental with the current understanding of the different stages of a human life span. This research work is a product of the attempt to expand on the understanding of Erikson’s major work with the integration of several others who are instrumental to a more updated and comprehensive appreciation of the changes and growth that proceed to the development of an adult personality specifically focusing on his emotional and social maturity. Discussion Perspectives in psychology and philosophy in general, are developed to help explain and shed light on various human behaviors that not only boggle and are difficult to understand. There are controversies that ensue and these also make interventions difficult at the same time. Development does not end once a person reaches maturity, but continues throughout life. Developmental psychologists seek to describe ad analyze the regularities of human development across the entire life span. It focuses primarily on these aspects of development that make us similar to one another. In order to thoroughly appreciate the changes that are happening to a young person specifically pertaining to the social and emotional aspects, the following discussion of the theoretical perspectives are undertaken. Erikson’s psychosocial stages: Adolescence & Early Adulthood Erikson identified the period of adolescence with a corresponding challenge to achieve a sense of identity. Adolescents need to leave behind the carefree, irresponsible, and impulsive behaviors of childhood and to develop the more purposeful, responsible, planned behaviors of adults. If the individual is successful in making this change, he will develop a sense of confidence and a positive identity. If he is unsuccessful, he will experience role confusion, which will result in low self-esteem and become socially withdrawn. This concept assumes that in general, children will progress towards adolescence with the all-important development of establishing his identity and those problems that normally are encountered around this stage basically are related around the individual’s search for identity. Identity formation is essentially known to be identified with the period of adolescence. However, even Erikson admitted that adolescence sometimes is prolonged or takes longer years of the â€Å"extended identity exploration,† Arnett noted. Social and physical development affecting the expansion and constriction of their world from infancy through older adulthood Social and physical development during the stage of infancy constricts the infant’s life because of the child’s inability to walk yet as well as their inability to associate well because of immature brain development which lasts until the person reaches the age at approximately 20 years old. Understandably social and physical developments start to increase during childhood, adolescence and middle adulthood in contrast to the infant. However, starting when the child reaches childhood, his/her world starts to increasingly expand as his motor skills develop and physical capability enhances. This goes on in largely intensified and greater results when the child enters the adolescent period until the person reaches the senior years and pace is affected considerably. The person’s social world constricts primarily because the physical limitations understandably inhibit the person and consequently isolates the person. Older adulthood similarly possesses the same characteristics of that of an infant and toddler because the genes dictate when these traits start to emerge. The concept of Growth goals In the study by Bauer and McAdams, these activities and behavior reflect the growth goals, both intrinsic and exploratory, that are necessary for them to develop eventually. This is called peer pressure and although many children pretend to keep their cool, almost all of those who are at this developmental level have their share of frustrations from the influence of other individuals that surround them. Peer pressure is inevitably tied up with the differences of culture and beliefs and when a particular child or young person emerges with the understanding that these experiences are necessary for them to ultimately be enabled to face many more troubles to come. It cannot be underestimated. Because of the major biological changes that their bodies go through, they tend to be flooded with overwhelming emotions that at most times make them confused. These biological changes include the normal maturation or unfolding of genetic characteristics marking the start of puberty. Because of the hormonal changes accompanying puberty, the child’s moods and behavior are often affected. The issues that surround emerging young adult include the individual’s adaptation to his body’s biological changes, struggle for autonomy, and peer influence. These are some of the important concerns that an adolescent individual faces. Biological changes entail awareness of the transformation that is occurring in the person’s body. Since an adolescent is passing through a physiological transition, and because the transformation involves the appearance, this is a major concern for any adolescent. In the teen’s struggle for autonomy, there is a mounting tension between parents and children of adolescent age because the latter prefers to think that he/she is capable of a lot of things and are allowed a greater amount of liberties. However, this becomes a source of frustration and conflict by both parents and children due to the latter’s inconsistencies. Furthermore, the shift from parental influence to peer influence is one of the major changes both the parents and teenagers have difficulty facing. Implications According to Piaget, individuals at this stage have developed the ability to form â€Å"hypothetical-deductive reasoning. † Children think that they already have knowledge and some experience, and believe capable to think logically; able to judge certain matters well. Though this may be true, recent findings in brain research show that adolescent emotions overcome rationality or despite some existing facts that should also be weighed, their feelings override reasoning. Teenagers make rash decisions which may or may not harm him/herself. According to an explanation on Piaget’s formal operations stage, an individual may consider many possibilities in life, may be able to successfully handle crisis at most times, as well as analyze existing assumptions. In addition, a research done by Flavell, mentions the accumulation of experiences which may accordingly influence the decision making processes. For adolescents, decision-making capacity is more critical due to these important considerations. This is accentuated based on recent brain researches. Adolescents make rash decisions due to the interference of emotions in their reasoning process. Neurobiological experts suggest that the adolescents’ immature brain development may actually let emotions obstruct or â€Å"override reason†. This explains a lot why teens become very emotional inspite of the facts presented before them. If parents only become conscientious during the early formation or fundamental stages (birth to seven years old), they should continue to be there with their teens in the puberty years and help with the transition. Bibliography: Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen, 1998.Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context; Human Development 1998; 41:295–315 University of Maryland, College Park, Md. , USA Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen, Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of Development From the Late Teens Through the Twenties. University of Maryland College Park Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen, Kathleen D. Ramos, and Lene Arnett Jensen Ideological Views in Emerging Adulthood: Balancing Autonomy and Community Journal of Adult Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2001 Bauer, Jack J. , & Dan P. McAdams. 2004. Growth Goals, Maturity, and Well-Being. Developmental Psychology American Psychological Association, Inc. , Vol. 40, No. 1, 114–127 0012-1649/04/$12. 00 DOI: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 40. 1. 114 Berk, Laura. 2007. Development through the lifespan. (4th ed. ) New York: Allyn and Bacon. Eisenberg, Nancy, Ivanna K. Guthrie, Amanda Cumberland, Bridget C. Murphy, Stephanie A. Shepard, Qing Zhou, and Gustavo Carlo. 2001. PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES; Prosocial Development in Early Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study. Kaplan, Harold and Benjamin Saddock. 1991. Synopsis of Psychiatry: Bhavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychiatry. 6th ed. Williams & Wilkins. Luyckx, Koen, Luc Goossens, and Bart Soenens. 2006. A Developmental Contextual Perspective on Identity Construction in Emerging Adulthood: Change Dynamics in Commitment Formation and Commitment Evaluation, Developmental Psychology 2006 by the American Psychological Association. Vol. 42, No. 2, 366–380 0012-1649/06/$12. 00 DOI: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 42. 2. 366 Morris, Charles G. & Albert Maisto, 1999. Understanding Psychology. 4th ed. Prentice Hall,

Nobel Prizes in Chemistry Essay

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded 104 times to 163 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2012. Frederick Sanger is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice, in 1958 and 1980. This means that a total of 162 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Click on the links to get more information. 2012 – Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka â€Å"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors† 2011 – Dan Shechtman â€Å"for the discovery of quasicrystals† 2010 – Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki â€Å"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis† 2009 – Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath â€Å"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome† 2008 – Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien â€Å"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP† 2007 – Gerhard Ertl â€Å"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces† 2006 – Roger D. Kornberg â€Å"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription† 2005 – Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock â€Å"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis† 2004 – Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose â€Å"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation† 2003 â€Å"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes† 2003 – Peter Agre â€Å"for the discovery of water channels† 2003 – Roderick MacKinnon â€Å"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels† 2002 â€Å"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules† 2002 – John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka â€Å"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules† 2002 – Kurt Wà ¼thrich â€Å"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution† 2001 – William S. Knowles and Ryoji Noyori â€Å"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions† 2001 – K. Barry Sharpless â€Å"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions† 2000 – Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa â€Å"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers† 1999 – Ahmed H. Zewail â€Å"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy† 1998 – Walter Kohn â€Å"for his development of the density-functional theory† 1998 – John A. Pople â€Å"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry† 1997 – Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker â€Å"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)† 1997 – Jens C. Skou â€Å"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase† 1996 – Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto and Richard E. Smalley â€Å"for their discovery of fullerenes† 1995 – Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland â€Å"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone† 1994 – George A. Olah â€Å"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry† 1993 â€Å"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry† 1993 – Kary B. Mullis â€Å"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method† 1993 – Michael Smith â€Å"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies† 1992 – Rudolph A. Marcus â€Å"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems† 1991 – Richard R. Ernst â€Å"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy† 1990 – Elias James Corey â€Å"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis† 1989 – Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech â€Å"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA† 1988 – Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel â€Å"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre† 1987 – Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen â€Å"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity† 1986 – Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi â€Å"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes† 1985 – Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle â€Å"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures† 1984 – Robert Bruce Merrifield â€Å"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix† 1983 – Henry Taube â€Å"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes† 1982 – Aaron Klug â€Å"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes† 1981 – Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann â€Å"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions† 1980 – Paul Berg â€Å"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA† 1980 – Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger â€Å"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids† 1979 – Herbert C. Brown and Georg Wittig â€Å"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis† 1978 – Peter D. Mitchell â€Å"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory† 1977 – Ilya Prigogine â€Å"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures† 1976 – William N. Lipscomb â€Å"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding† 1975 – John Warcup Cornforth â€Å"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions† 1975 – Vladimir Prelog â€Å"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions† 1974 – Paul J. Flory â€Å"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules† 1973 – Ernst Otto Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson â€Å"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds† 1972 – Christian B. Anfinsen â€Å"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation† 1972 – Stanford Moore and William H. Stein â€Å"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule† 1971 – Gerhard Herzberg â€Å"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals† 1970 – Luis F. Leloir â€Å"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates† 1969 – Derek H. R. Barton and Odd Hassel â€Å"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry† 1968 – Lars Onsager â€Å"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes† 1967 – Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter â€Å"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy† 1966 – Robert S. Mulliken â€Å"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method† 1965 – Robert Burns Woodward â€Å"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis† 1964 – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin â€Å"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances† 1963 – Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta â€Å"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers† 1962 – Max Ferdinand Perutz and John Cowdery Kendrew â€Å"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins† 1961 – Melvin Calvin â€Å"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants† 1960 – Willard Frank Libby â€Å"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science† 1959 – Jaroslav Heyrovsky â€Å"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis† 1958 – Frederick Sanger â€Å"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin† 1957 – Lord (Alexander R.) Todd â€Å"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes† 1956 – Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood and Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov â€Å"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions† 1955 – Vincent du Vigneaud â€Å"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone† 1954 – Linus Carl Pauling â€Å"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances† 1953 – Hermann Staudinger â€Å"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry† 1952 – Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge â€Å"for their invention of partition chromatography† 1951 – Edwin Mattison McMillan and Glenn Theodore Seaborg â€Å"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements† 1950 – Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder â€Å"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis† 1949 – William Francis Giauque â€Å"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures† 1948 – Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius â€Å"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins† 1947 – Sir Robert Robinson â€Å"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids† 1946 – James Batcheller Sumner â€Å"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized† 1946 – John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley â€Å"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form† 1945 – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen â€Å"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method† 1944 – Otto Hahn â€Å"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei† 1943 – George de Hevesy â€Å"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes† 1942 – 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1939 – Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt â€Å"for his work on sex hormones† 1939 – Leopold Ruzicka â€Å"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes† 1938 – Richard Kuhn â€Å"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins† 1937 – Walter Norman Haworth â€Å"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C† 1937 – Paul Karrer â€Å"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2† 1936 – Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye â€Å"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases† 1935 – Frà ©dà ©ric Joliot and Irà ¨ne Joliot-Curie â€Å"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements† 1934 – Harold Clayton Urey â€Å"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen† 1933 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1932 – Irving Langmuir â€Å"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry† 1931 – Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius â€Å"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods† 1930 – Hans Fischer â€Å"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin† 1929 – Arthur Harden and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin â€Å"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes† 1928 – Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus â€Å"for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins† 1927 – Heinrich Otto Wieland â€Å"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances† 1926 – T he (Theodor) Svedberg â€Å"for his work on disperse systems† 1925 – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy â€Å"for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry† 1924 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1923 – Fritz Pregl â€Å"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances† 1922 – Francis William Aston â€Å"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule† 1921 – Frederick Soddy â€Å"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes† 1920 – Walther Hermann Nernst â€Å"in recognition of his work in thermochemistry† 1919 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1918 – Fritz Haber â€Å"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements† 1917 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1916 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1915 – Richard Martin Willstà ¤tter â€Å"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll† 1914 – Theodore William Richards â€Å"in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements† 1913 – Alfred Werner â€Å"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry† 1912 – Victor Grignard â€Å"for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry† 1912 – Paul Sabatier â€Å"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years† 1911 – Marie Curie, nà ©e Sklodowska â€Å"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element† 1910 – Otto Wallach â€Å"in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds† 1909 – Wilhelm Ostwald â€Å"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction† 1908 – Ernest Rutherford â€Å"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances† 1907 – Eduard Buchner â€Å"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation† 1906 – Henri Moissan â€Å"in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him† 1905 – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer â€Å"in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds† 1904 – Sir William Ramsay â€Å"in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system† 1903 – Svante August Arrhenius â€Å"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation† 1902 – Hermann Emil Fischer â€Å"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses† 1901 – Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff â€Å"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions†

Autobiography - The Separation Essay

Autobiography The Separation Essay Have you ever wondered if two people in love can stay together for life? In marriage, it is very common for husband and wife to vow to be with each other until one dies. However, there are studies that show that 8 out of 10 couples get divorced after the span of 1 to 20 years. This happened to my parents, they separated, this was when i was in the 8th grade leading to my first year of high school. I remember that day as if it was yesterday, a Wednesday afternoon. My sister Aixa and I had arrived home from school, as we strolled in through the front door we could smell the deliciousness of the ham and cheese sandwiches my grandma had ready for us. Later on, around 6 oclock, I was doing my english homework when my mother got to the house. She was always very drowsy and tired, work left her like that, and so commonly she would sleep as soon as she got home. This would make my mad upset and so they soon enough stopped kissing, stopped hugging, stopped talking. My father had also arrived home around an hour later, he went into his bedroom where my mom was resting and they talked for hours, which was a first in those past few months. They called for us and we all sat in the living room with the big plasma television. Mandy, Aixy ,  he exclaimed, calling us by our nicknames. We have decided to separate, you guys are already aware how much we dispute, it is not that we dont want to, but we dont have that spark anymore.   By that time my sister had broken into tears, screaming. Why? Why? Stay together for me! Please!   My mom put her hand up as a sign for her to be quiet as she replied. I simply do not love him anymore.   Everyone was quiet, the only sound was the couch creaking as I stood up and ran out the door. I thought I heard my parents call out to me, but I dont remember well. It was drizzling, and as I traversed through the cement I felt something cold stain my cheek, a tear, not a raindrop, but a tear. And soon came many ot hers, flooding my face with salty droplets. I hugged my hands to my chest and convinced myself I was going to be okay, I was going to move on and get past this hurtful event. I eventually walked back home where my parents yelled at me, and then hugged me. Months passed and my mother, sister and I finally moved. We moved into a cozy little apartment for three, every night I would remember my dad and how I didnt live with him anymore, I was very disappointed. But a year later i got used to it and I realized that it was okay for people to not love each other anymore, thoughts and ideas come and go, isnt it the same with love?

The Aerodynamics of Future Electric Cars Research Paper

The Aerodynamics of Future Electric Cars - Research Paper Example The researcher states that changes in global demand patterns, market forces, environmental concerns and the ever present danger of fleeting fossil fuel reserves are forcing automobile manufacturers and research scientists to look for alternative means to fuel automobiles. One facet of these developments has been electric vehicles that are powered exclusively through electric batteries. The emergence of electric vehicles has put in motion a number of new design challenges such as the aerodynamics of such vehicles because aerodynamics represent a large loss during normal functioning of all kinds of automobiles. Drag created by a moving vehicle represents one of the largest losses of energy created by an automobile’s engine. Conventional automobiles may lose as much as 40% of the total power to air drag. As with other conventional bodies, the aerodynamic drag exerted by air on a vehicle is directly proportional to the square of the velocity of the vehicle. For typically aerodynam ic automobiles the coefficient of drag and the accompanying area need to be as small as possible in terms of design considerations in order to minimize the drag encountered. There has been an ongoing struggle to create vehicles with as low a coefficient of drag as possible. Typically well designed vehicles display coefficients of drag of the order of 0.13 while a coefficient of drag of 0.1 is achievable through special design considerations.... Moreover considerations of an acoustical nature are also reduced through the use of electric engines that produce far less noise than conventional engines. However this has been criticized for increasing danger to blind people because the incoming vehicle would not possess a sound. (The Week, 2010) Based on these considerations it can be seen that the design of electric vehicles is an altogether different domain from conventional automobile design. The inclusion of new components such as the electric engines places new constrains on design that require solutions through out of the box thinking. This paper will attempt to describe the various major challenges being posed in terms of design and their current solutions along with their future outlook. 2. Conventional Automobile Packaging and Acoustics Conventional automobiles have been built and packaged in nearly the same way for decades. The early pioneering research into automobiles has created a stable platform that is dogmatically used as per vehicle class and usage. For example most passenger cars created along conventional design philosophy house the engine in the front and use a front wheel drive system while load carriers such as trucks use front mounted engines with rear wheel drive. Moreover recent advances in computational fields have allowed designers to create more light weight and singular construction frames better known as monocques. While some of these design elements such as a light weight bodies, four wheels and singular construction have been applied to building electrical vehicles but other packaging constraints have changed altogether. The design configuration and considerations for conventional automobiles are being

Shows that Your Kids Watch Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shows that Your Kids Watch - Personal Statement Example When Alyssa pushed the bowl and threw away her spoon, April got exasperated, scolded the little girl with her voice raised a notch, and gave her little hand a slight spanking. "That's not good, Alyssa!" she said as she cleaned up the mess that her little girl made. Then, in between sniffs, she heard Alyssa say "I hate you!" very clearly. She was shocked at what her little girl had said. She softened up a bit and asked Alyssa, "Why did you say that baby Where did you learn that" And with her round and innocent eyes looking straight into hers, the little kid answered "From TV." April was alarmed at her daughter's answer, and so was I when she told me this story. "It's impossible for her to pick up such a line from Sesame Street or Playhouse Disney," I told her. "It could be the soap operas that her nanny watches," April concluded, and we proceeded to discuss what kind of behaviors were often shown in soap operas and how the highly receptive minds of three-year-old children retain the information that they get from watching these shows. It is clearly very important that we have to choose the kind of shows that our children watch. Little children mimic what they see around them, such as the behaviors that adults around them display and expressions that they often hear.

Research method information system security management Essay

Research method information system security management - Essay Example Thus, the hypothesis made by Galton was positive, logical, and even refutable, but not strictly scientifically testable. 2. a. The hypothesis can be tested with the help of tomography, scanning the active parts of the brain, when individuals look at various colors. It is also known that colors have more than hundred of shadows. Males and females may be asked to sort cards of different shadows of colors. The experiments afford an objective and public demonstration. c. The hypothesis may be tested with the help of correlational method, and it can be refuted by another scientist. However, the statistics won’t show the real picture in this case, while there is a great amount of variables. So in fact, the hypothesis cannot be called really testable. 3. a. The best way is empirical, simply to see the instructor. Authority – I was told that the instructor is male; his personal documents show that he is male. Rational – the name Jason Daniels points to the fact that the instructor should be male. c. Empirical method is to ask the student about his/her age. You can also consult the papers or ask the teacher – authority. The first method is quicker; the second one can turn out to be more reliable. e. If you do not believe the authorities, who have informed you that Tommy won’t be permitted to ride the roller coaster, the empirical experience (the failure to do it) will certainly convince you of the truth of this statement. f. First we use rational method and count. If you cannot count yet, you may ask the seller or somebody, who can count, thus turning to the authority. Then you may check it empirically and try to by 4 CD’s, thus you will get the best demonstration. 6. The fact that buttered bread always lands butter side down is well known. However, it can be checked empirically. For the purity of the experiment it is preferable to take several slices of

World Hunger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

World Hunger - Essay Example Poor countries that are in the process of developing do not have enough economic reserves and human capital to provide for the sustenance of their population. Furthermore, they are made to export their few assets particularly their natural resources that leads to a reduction in their capital stock. Also, investors ignore developing countries because they cannot produce feasible profits due to lack of infrastructure. Thus, major businesses do not invest their capital in the developing countries and without the investment, the productivity ceases to increase. Cycle of economic distress keeps the countries in a permanent stage of poverty and under development. Developing countries all around the globe basically lack the general infrastructure that is important for these countries to rise above the economic deficiency that is the leading cause of hunger. The general infrastructure includes a solid road system, warehouses and good irrigation systems and the lack of these causes an increase in transport expenses, deficient facilities for storing and poor water supplies. This limits the average farming produce and hence results in a lower amount of food being available. Considering the major problems, the answer to hunger is building reliable systems of energy, effective means of transportation and communication. This would provide incentives to the potential investors and hence result in generation of capital in the developing nations. Economic growth is possible by the investments coming from the private sector. Business activities increase proportionally to the growth of investment which in term increases the productivity as well as the distribution of goods. This assists in the satisfaction and fulfillment of the common people. In the underprivileged areas of the world, for example the sub-Saharan Africa, poor geographical location and political turmoil has led to small and unreachable

Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vietnam War - Essay Example In U.S. eyes, the Vietnamese were a passive and uninformed people, totally unready for self government" (Herring, 13). A survey of New York Times articles published during the First Indochina War revealed that the U.S. foreign policy analysis, media and public overwhelmingly concentrated on the French perspective of the conflict. Little attention was given to the Vietminh perspective or to the perspective of the French backed government of South Vietnam. This viewpoint continued until 1949 when China's civil war ended and the Communist took control of China. Shortly after taking control Mao Zedong, the Communist leader acknowledged the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and the Soviet Union quickly followed suit. After that, the U.S. media placed a greater emphasis on Cold War rhetoric when dealing with Vietnam. As noted, the Cold War mindset permeated much of American culture during this time period; "it was an age of ideological consensus, and this was true above all in foreign p olicy" (Hallin, 50). At the conclusion of the First Indochina War, the U.S. ... From 1957-1961 the U.S. attention shifted heavily on Vietnam's fate in relation to the turmoil in Laos and Cambodi as well as to the Soviet threat. This perception dominated the public opinion, media and U.S. foreign policy well into President John F. Kennedy's Administration. THE VIETNAM WAR (1955-1975): ANALYSIS OF EVENTS On August 5, 1964, Congress considered the Southeast Asia Resolution, commonly called the "Gulf of Tonkin Resolution" (Johnson, 118). After two days of debate it passed the Senate by a vote of 88-2 and the House by a resounding 416-0 (Johnson, 118). It was a resolution to deliberately allow the United States a broad hand in protecting peace and security in Southeast Asia. A second section asserted that "peace and security in southeast Asia" was vital to American national security and therefore the president, acting in accord with the Charter of the United Nations and as a member of the South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), would "take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force," to assist member states of SEATO "in defense of [their] freedom" (Young, 109). Finally, the resolution would expire when the president determined "peace and security had returned to the area" (Young, 109). It could also be terminated by a subsequent congressional resolution. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 Marines landed at Da Nang. In May the first United States Army units arrived (Westmoreland, 124). With air attacks against both North and South Vietnam being launched from bases in the South, airfields were a logical target for forces from the National Liberation Front, the Communist guerrillas fighting against the South Vietnamese, and no one placed much confidence in the protection from the forces of the Army of the Republic

Catcher in the Rye (Book) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catcher in the Rye (Book) - Research Paper Example Some have opted to censor the book because they feel it will corrupt their children. In an instant I knew that I would never get the chance again to get out. I might have felt warm by the idea of being right there with Phoebe. â€Å"Could we get out of here already?† She asked, â€Å"Can you hear me?† The thought that we were going home and everything would get back to ‘normal’ made my skin crawl. I felt groggy, I might have passed out. I saw myself back in Pencey Prep, everyone was gawking at me. Stradlater approached me smiling and picked up one of my backpacks as we headed for the dorm. I struggled to figure out what was going on as I entered my old room. Ackley was standing in the middle of the room. It seemed he was there to receive me, pathetic. Probably everything I wanted to be was actually happening because I could not speak, I could not react, I was deaf-mute. The hell I was, they suddenly held me down, †Hey buddy, calm down!† My head was spinning so fast. I had no idea why they pinned me down. Stradlter told Ackley to help him get me to the bed.â€Å"Where is my sister?† I yelled.†Where is Phoebe?† They both looked at each other like I was crazy. I looked at them; it was not Stradtler and Ackley. The two men were in scrubs. I needed to see Phoebe. Maybe she was here with me. She couldn’t have abandoned me, not her. I had to get out. I was lying down and couldn’t move. Those bastards put me in a straight jacket. Unbelievable! Hilarious, they must have been talking to Mr. Antolini or was it Mr. Spencer? It must have been that wretched Mr. Spencer. I felt really tired and falling asleep fast. They had given me a shot. Allie was there with me although he was silent. I don’t think he knew why my parents or whoever brought me to the rest room. I wished he could talk to me. I tried to make him say something but he just stared at me, perhaps feeling sorry for me. He was the best l istener and answered me without uttering a word. I could hear Phoebe repeating the words, â€Å"Coming Thro’ the Rye,† and thought it should have been how I heard it because in that instant, I felt like I was falling off from the bed. It was on the edge of a cliff. It felt safe for I knew Allie would catch me. Memories of James Castle flashed through my mind and wondered whether I would get to see him. Was he contented where he was or was he still being bullied and could it be possible that he could have been haunting the boys that were tormenting him? Wouldn’t that be great? I missed him. The drug was wearing off, I felt much better. The world seemed different. Maybe I did need some sleep after all. Phoebe was holding my hand, stroking it. Surprisingly, it didn’t appall me. I was delighted to see her. Apparently, I had passed out while watching her go around on the carousel. My parents took me to the rest home. They must do everything right. I wondered w hether they already knew that I had been expelled and if they did, was this my punishment? It didn’t matter anymore. All that mattered was that they were there for me. Phoebe was there, so did D.B. I wished Jane was there for me as well. I hope she thought of me and regretted ever setting her eyes on Stradlter. I hope she missed me as much as I missed her. I could care less about Sally. She was attractive though looking back, I don’t know what I ever saw in her. Realizing that I don’

Economic Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Concepts - Assignment Example Eventually, the importance of trading with each other will be realized as both parties become better off as a result of such trade. Economic Concepts 1. What is Michelle’s opportunity cost of producing potatoes? 200 potatoes = 50 chickens --> 200/200 potatoes = 50/200 chickens --> 1 potato = ? chicken or 0.25 Opportunity cost of producing one potato is ? chicken or .25. 2. What is Michelle’s opportunity cost of producing chickens? 50 chickens = 200 potatoes --> 50/50 chickens = 200/50 potatoes --> 1 chicken = 4 potatoes Opportunity cost of producing one chicken is 4 potatoes. 3. What is James’ opportunity cost of producing potatoes? 80 potatoes = 40 chickens --> 80/80 potatoes = 40/80 chickens --> 1 potato = ? chicken Opportunity cost of producing one potato is ? chicken. 4. What is James’ opportunity cost of producing chickens? 40 chickens =80 potatoes --> 40/40 chickens = 80/40 potatoes --> 1 chicken = 2 potatoes Opportunity cost of producing one chicken is 2 potatoes. 5. Which person has an absolute advantage in which activities? For Michelle: Opportunity cost of producing one potato is ? chicken. And opportunity cost of producing one chicken is 4 potatoes. For James: Opportunity cost of producing one potato is ? chicken. And opportunity cost of producing one chicken is 2 potatoes. ... This means that Michelle has the comparative advantage in producing one potato because it is cheaper for her to do this. 7. Which person has comparative advantage in chicken? For Michelle: The opportunity cost of producing one chicken is 4 potatoes. For James opportunity cost of producing one chicken is 2 potatoes. Hence, James has the lower opportunity cost for producing one chicken. This means that James has the comparative advantage in producing one chicken because it is cheaper for him to do this. 8. Suppose that they are thinking of each specializing completely in the area in which they have a comparative advantage, and then trading at a rate of 2.5 pounds of potatoes for 1 chicken, would they each be better off? Explain. Yes, both Michelle and James will be better off if they specialize in the area in which they have a comparative advantage and trade at a rate of 2.5 pounds of potatoes for 1 chicken. Michelle will specialize in producing potatoes while James will specialize in raising chickens. If Michelle will specialize in producing potatoes, she will produce 200 potatoes which when traded at a rate of 2.5 pounds for 1 chicken will produce 80 chickens (as shown below) as opposed to 50 chickens she would have produced if she specialized on raising them. 200 pounds of potatoes/ 2.5 pounds = 80 chickens. If James will specialize in raising chickens, he will produce 40 chickens which when traded at a rate of one chicken for 2.5 pounds of potatoes will produce 100 potatoes (as shown below) as opposed to producing 80 potatoes he would have produced if he specialized on planting them. 40 chickens x 2.5 pounds of potatoes = 100 potatoes. 9. How would you extend the above narrative to businesses, society as a whole or nations?

Roles and Desires of Men in the olden times based on the Story Faust Essay Example for Free

Roles and Desires of Men in the olden times based on the Story Faust Essay In the lives of men and women, different thoughts and desires have come to their minds. Various types of needs and aspirations are known to have been in the back of their minds. With this thought, most of these men and women tend to aspire things which sometimes translated into dreaming. In the psychoanalyst’s point of view, dreaming is something that is from our unconscious. The thoughts which different individuals had which had been pushed in the back of their minds show while we are in deep slumber. In the book scene The Witch’s Kitchen is able to analyze the theory made by Sigmund Freud relating to the story written by the Goethe â€Å"Faust†. The story of â€Å"Faust† is a German Folk Tale in which many different authors had created their own version in order to relate to their time. Through all the available versions, Freud utilized the Goethe’s version in order to explain his theory of â€Å"Outline of Psychoanalysis† (Prokhoris Foreword). Sabine contradicts most of the theory made by Freud and explains that the literary work of Goethe is just a material in which the psychoanalyst utilized in order to make his theory evident. But still, Sabine explained in the whole book that the theory is unlikely to be related to the written work of Goethe. It is stated that the different actions of characters where only a translated or related as such due to the desire of Freud to explain his thoughts and justify his claim. However, in this paper, the analysis of the scene in The Witch Kitchen would not be close to psychoanalysis instead, it would focus on the regular lives of individuals. The analysis in this paper desires to relate the scenes which had made in the earlier period to the current state of mind of various individuals as well as the existing values and lifestyles of people. In this scene, the drama for the first time enters a feminine sphere after dwelling almost exclusively in all-male realms. Also, for the first time Faust experiences a domestic space, a kitchen. How does he react to it? What is the significance of this particular setting? It is known that a kitchen is normally known as a space for women in order to create a dish for the different individuals and their families. In some context, the kitchen is a place where in women devoted their time for the reason that they need to provide food to suppress the feeling of hunger which could result to pain or anger. It is stated in different parts in which directly states that the devil cannot create anything. Although the devil has the power to do different actions which are not naturally for any being, the devil cannot do anything for him or her to generate something. The devil still needs someone that could create something for him. At first Faust did not think that he would be lead into the kitchen of all the available places in the house. As said earlier, a kitchen is a feminine placed which is only designated for a woman. It is obvious that Faust was deeply wondering whether or not he is in the right place and what other possible actions could the devil be asking him now. In my own analysis he felt uncomfortable which then leads to not knowing what to do. But then, the devil was able to explain the different action which he needed to accomplish. Faust is not even close to the thought of having â€Å"girly† materials therefore he disgusts the thought and look of â€Å"dainty† materials around him. Like a typical man, having â€Å"girly† materials and thoughts is something very far from what he needs and wants. However in my own point of view, there is too much hatred which he felt for the â€Å"girly† materials around him. It could be assumed that he is truly angry with girls or he just simply hates dainty materials. In the current times, such materials are not truly hated by men. Although they do not use such material for themselves, there is no sign in which men acts violent when asked about something close to such. Faust’s hatred in my own reflection might be a sign that there is he had a history which such materials or with girls. In the other hand, it could also be assumed that he had frustrations if he sees such kinds of materials. In a feminist view point, the hatred of Faust could be immediately interpreted that he hates how women are—their attitude their characteristic and their desires. It is known that most women likes such things and most men want to give dainty and adorable things for women to make them happy. It is either he does not want to satisfy women in such sense or he just plainly despises such things for the reason that he is a man who has strong desire of â€Å"manly† things for himself. Like most men, he is someone who was acting tough without any acts of weakness. In the current times, if men desires to have dainty things and are fond or them, it means that he is a homosexual therefore, it could be directly stated that Faust is not homosexual. What is the significance of the image that appears to Faust in the magic mirror on the Witch’s wall? Are there other instances of mirroring in this scene In the first scene in which he entered the Kitchen and was asked if he wanted dainty materials he immediately despised everything and even cursed it. But then, in the scene where a mirror was laid in front of him, it is interesting that he saw a woman standing in front of the mirror. It is puzzling that he despised â€Å"girly† things while when he faced the mirror, he was not able to see himself but a woman who was beautiful which he adores. With such interesting scene there are many assumptions and reflections which could be made. First, it could be assumed that the reflection in the mirror reflects him self. It could be that he wanted to be a woman which could be connected to the happiness which he felt while looking at the mirror adoring the image in front of him. Having someone in front of him who he desires to be is something that homosexuals would be happy about. If this assumption is correct, Faust desires to be a woman and the hatred that he felt about dainty things is something that he was acting for the devil to not think otherwise. During the times where in the image of a beautiful woman was reflected there is a big part of him where he found happiness because in some ways he had become something that he was yearning for in such a long time. In another context, if he is heterosexual it could be easily said that he wants to be with a female. In the context that the story is within an all male realm, the yearning of Faust was awaken. Seeing a beautiful woman made him realize that he wants to be with her and wishes a person close to someone like the image in the mirror. In other conclusion, it could be stated that the image in the mirror is a person which he desires to be with him. It is the mirror who presented what he wanted therefore he became thrilled when he saw the woman. In my own interpretation, the woman he saw was someone who has a very beautiful face, angelic and kind. It could be said that she was the one he wanted for him self to be his partner or his wife in the future. The delight in which was expressed by Faust had been something that was very exquisite. It almost felt like she was what he was waiting for his whole life and that she was someone whom he would do anything for. In the current times, men do not see women in mirrors like Faust have experienced. They are seen everyday like other normal people. Genders are mixed and they are mingling with one another unlike in the story which they were all men in the story. Compared to the value Faust gave when he expressed his happiness while seeing the image, men are not anything close to such kind of value now a days. In the past, men are not as able or they could not easily get a woman which just a few actions. There is a process in which they follow in order to achieve the love and attention of women. Wooing is something that is not practiced now. Individuals just get together when they realize that they have something in common or they like each other. Although women are said to be someone who are special and is worth all the love and affection, some men do express that they do this in order to get what they want. Most of the time, men only uses some strategy to get what they want and need while on the other hand women become used and helpless. In some point, I reflected that situation that: what if there are no women just mirrors to see who and what we want? Would anyone be happy or satisfied? Would men be the men they are now? —most probably not. But then I ask myself, why did Faust look at the image was happily, as lovingly as he was? It puzzles me because none of the lines stated that he was homosexual or something that just wanted to have a family life. But then, I still believe that the imagery that he saw was something he wanted for himself that if he maybe able to have it he will surely be satisfied unlike the other things which are presented to him like the dainty things as well as the images which were focused on the story. In conclusion, the story of Goethe is something that is puzzling and intriguing due to the different contexts that it has. There were issues of gender and desires which could only be explained by the writer himself. However, such could not happen anymore. The theories and the real ideas of this story is left to its readers to assume and hypothesize the thoughts in which are made in the story.

Herman Mudgett Essay Example for Free

Herman Mudgett Essay Problem Statement H. H. Holmes was dubbed the first male serial killer in the United States; however, his profile did not entirely fit the characteristics of a male serial killer. Should H. H. Holmes be considered a â€Å"Black Widow†? Purpose Imagine a killer who enjoyed torturing his victims with a variety of methods, but got paid for it. Meet Dr. H. H. Holmes or also known as â€Å"The Torture Doctor†. He was a serial killer who hit Chicago in the late nineteenth century. He killed with the intention of receiving money, mostly in the form of insurance claims. Criminologists have characterized this as a trait mostly belonging to female serial killers. It is â€Å"Black Widows† who kill relatives for the insurance money. Therefore Holmes should be classified as having similar characteristics to a â€Å"Black Widow† or that of a female serial killer. Findings Herman Webster Mudgett born May 16, 1861 to Levi and Theodate Mudgett in Gilmanton, New Hampshire had a privileged life. His family was wealthy and he was a bight child. (5) His household was run with a strict Methodist structure and his father was a violent alcoholic. He was bullied in school and in one instance forced to face a real skeleton which is believed to be the start of his fascination with corpses. (2) He became curious with Anatomy after that. Mudgett expressed a huge interest in medicine and was enrolled in the University of Michigan in 1882. He excelled in Chemistry and Anatomy and they seemed to be a natural talent for him. He was extremely eager to work on the cadavers. (2) He graduated in 1884. â€Å"This was a unique feature for a serial killer because most serial killers do not finish school.† (2) It is not because they are not intelligent enough; it is because they lack the motivation. This is where Mudgett was different; he had the persistence and motivati on to finish school. It was easier because it was something he did enjoy and it was a gateway for his early crimes. Mudgett would steal corpses from the medical school after making false insurance claims on a person, naming himself the beneficiary. He would distort the bodies making it look like an accident and then identify the body as the person he took the claim out on. (1) This is most likely the reason he stayed in school; he was making a profit. This is where he started using his alias Henry Howard Holmes or H. H. Holmes and Herman Mudgett would eventually cease to exist.(2) His crime spree and fascination with corpses would continue well after medical school. After a string of insurance fraud and traveling the country Holmes made it to Chicago. He began working at a drug store owned by an ill Dr. Holton in the neighborhood of Englewood. Holton died not long after and Holmes convinced Mrs. Holton to sign over the pharmacy to him and then she mysteriously disappeared. (5) While owning the drug store he continued to scam people sometimes selling false drugs and avoiding paying back his credit. (2) Holmes did enjoy making money and tricking people, but he wanted more. Holmes bought an estate on 63rd street and Wallace right across the street from the pharmacy that would later be called the â€Å"Murder Castle.† The construction of the building was very curious. Holmes was the architect and always kept a change of workers so he was the only one who ever knew the full structure of the building. (2) It was three stories with the ground floor belonging to commercial buildings including his relocated drug store. The top two were designated for his murderous fantasies. It had a labyrinth structure and consisted of false doors, windowless rooms, chutes, and trap doors. (5) The Castle â€Å"was equipped with secret passages, trapdoors, soundproof rooms, doors that could be locked from the outside, gas jets to asphyxiate victims, and a kiln to cremate the bodies.† (3) The basement is what held even worse horrors. There was a furnace big enough to hold a human body and huge acid baths. There were also tables where he could perform on the bodie s. (2) The Castle would open a door for Holmes to make even more money. Holmes was a man who would make money off of anything he could and his killings were no different. After he had tortured and killed he victims he would clean and mount their bones. In the basement â€Å"some were meticulously dissected, stripped of flesh, crafted into skeleton models† (5) He would then sell the skeletons to medical schools and doctor’s offices.(2) He had gained connections with these places, so no one questioned him. (5) He was living out his fantasies and making money off of it and now the perfect opportunity was about to come along. The 1893 World’s Columbian Exchange in Chicago would take place only a couple miles from Holmes’ home â€Å"The Castle.† The fair lasted from May to October. Holmes opened his building for the visitors and furnished and ran it like a hotel. â€Å"Unfortunately, some of his guests did not survive his hospitality.† (1) Just like most serial killers Holmes picked easy targets; tourists. Few people would know exactly where they were staying and it would be awhile before anyone reported them missing. However Holmes did differ from other male serial killers in that he did not stick to a type. Most of his victims did happen to be women, but he also killed children and men. Disappearances associated with the fair were linked to his castle (1) Outside of using his castle on unknowing tourists he was a seducer of women. Many of Holmes’ victims were women whom he had seduced and tricked into signing over their life savings. He usually employed females to work for him â€Å"many of whom were required as a condition of employment to take out life insurance policies for which Holmes would pay the premiums but also be the beneficiary† (5) and these women would later become his victims. Some of these women he killed where women who he had tricked in to giving him their property after they thought he was going to marry them. One example was Julia Conner and her daug hter Pearl. She was a mistress of Holmes and got pregnant. She demanded marriage and Holmes agreed if he could perform an abortion. Julia agreed, but mysteriously vanished along with her daughter. (2) He also promised Emiline Segrand marriage if she gave him her life savings. He sealed her in his vault where she suffocated to death. (2) He did have a marriage that actually went through, three in fact. He did have three marriages that all happened to coincide with each other. His first wife Clara Lovering was before he went to medical school. He filed for divorce at the time of his second wife, but it failed to go through. After he began using his alias H.H. Holmes he married Myrta Belknap in 1887. He lived with her and their daughter, Lucy, in Illinois for a while before he made it to Chicago. Holmes married is third wife, Georgiana Yoke, in 1894 after his killing spree in Chicago. Each one of these women never became one of Holmes’ victims and would live out their lives not knowing he was a serial killer till he was caught. (5) The only person who ever knew about what Holmes did was Benjamin Pitzel. Benja min Pitzel became associated with Holmes when Holmes was first constructing the Castle. Pitzel was a carpenter who was a drunkard that could never hold a job down. Holmes needed a right hand man who was tough and would do anything for money; Pitzel fit this description and had already committed petty crimes. (2) Pitzel was married with five children and needed to provide for his family, so he did what Holmes asked him to. Together Pitzel and Holmes committed lots of fraud and forgery. When Holmes was forced to leave Chicago because creditors were closing in Pitzel followed. They went cross country and continued to commit more fraud and other suspected killings under different aliases. (5) During one of these crimes Holmes was incarcerated for the first time in his life. Running low on money and needing to escape plan. Holmes and Pitzel concocted a plan where they would get Pitzel’s wife to take out an insurance claim on him and then they would fake Pitzel death. (5) Before they could get started on the scam Holmes was arrested for a different crime that landed hi m in a Texas jail. For some reason Holmes spilled his entire plan to his cellmate Marion Hedgepeth, a convicted train robber. Hedgepeth gave Holmes the name of a shady attorney in return for $500 of the money he got. (4) Holmes was shortly bailed out by his new wife Georgiana Yokes. (2) Holmes was now beginning to make mistakes and the law was going to catch up with him. Now Holmes could get on to finish the scam of faking Pitzel’s death, but Holmes did not fake it, he actually killed his longtime associate. This was most likely his plan all along; he wanted to get rid of loose ends. Holmes and his attorney, acquired from his former cell mate, identified the body. Mrs. Pitzel unknowing it to be her real husband split the money with the two men, but in the end Holmes ended up with most of her share. (2) Holmes was becoming paranoid and realizing that he was making mistakes. â€Å"Becoming concerned that the five Pitzel children might expose him, he went away with three of the children, eventually killing them.† (1) There was still one mistake out there that would lead to his demise. Almost two months after Pitzel’s body was found Hedgepeth, the former cellmate, sent information about the insurance fraud to police when he never received his compensation from Holmes. Police sent the Pinkertons, a private security guard and detective agency; on Holmes’ trail (5) What they discovered would be horrifying. Holmes was caught on November 17, 1894 in Boston. His only outstanding charge was on a horse theft and detectives needed more to hold him. It was only when his old custodian from the Castle informed the authorities that he was never allowed to clean the upper floors did they found out about his murders past by â€Å"uncovering Holmess efficient methods of committing murders and then disposing of the corpses.† (5) Along with Holmes’ vast array of obvious torture equipment, pieces of human bones were discovered. None of the murders were proven because of the lack of evidence except for four that of Benjamin Pitzel and his three children. Police tracked down the children’s bodies when chasing Holmes across the country. The two girls were found in Toronto and the boy in Indianapolis. (5) Holmes reign had come to an end. It was never discovered how many people H. H. Holmes had actually killed, but missing people and peculiar activity always seem to surround him not including the fact that he had a killing house. No one will ever be certain; the only person who may have known the true story was killed by Holmes. Also Holmes confessed his innocence until the day he was hung on May 7, 1896 at age 34. (2) Towards the end, however, he did come clean but his story always seemed to change. He did confess to 27 murders, but some researchers have suggested it exceeds 200. (3) The one confession he did seem to stick with was that he said he resembled the Devil. (2) Whatever the number Holmes was a serial killer who learned how to make a profit off of it. Conclusion Dr. H. H. Holmes’s characteristics did not fit that of a normal male serial killer. For starters he finished college unlike most of his predecessors. It might have been due to the fact that he had endless cadavers to work on or because he was planning his criminal career. Holmes also received monetary gain from most of his victims. He did enjoy seducing and killing victims, but his motives did involve receiving money. This is a trait often associated with female serial killers. Criminologists distinguish traits from male and female serial killers. One of the traits associated with females is that their motives usually involve monetary gain. The â€Å"Black Widow† is a female serial killer who kills her husband or other relatives to receive the insurance money. Holmes fits this description because most of his victims were women whom he had seduced and promised marriage or employees after receiving rights to their property. Holmes fits characteristics of both genders, but the profile of a Male Black Widow fits him more than anything. Recommendations Holmes should be classified as a â€Å"Black Widow† even though he is a male. It is true the biggest trait of a â€Å"Black Widow† is the female part, but gender should not be as important as motive. Gender unconsidered Holmes clearly fit the description. Therefore criminologist might reconsider classifying primarily on gender. Looking primarily at gender leaves gaps and flukes that do not seem to fit the â€Å"normal† stereotype in profiling and Holmes proves that. Holmes is a â€Å"Black Widow.† Bibliography (1) H.H. Holmes. 2012. Biography.com 18 Apr 2012, 06:28 http://www.biography.com/people/h-h-holmes-307622 (2) H. H. Holmes Americas First Serial Killer. Dir. John Borowski. Waterfront Productions, 2004. Documentary. (3) John Philip, Jenkins. Mudgett, Herman Webster. Britannica Biographies (2011): 1. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 18 Apr. 2012 http://ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu:2309/ehost/detail?sid=87fc7c73-9859-4344-a053-88394e30cdd1%40sessionmgr15vid=4hid=13bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=f5hAN=32418760 (4) Martin, John B. The Master of the Murder Castle: A Classic of Chicago Crime. Harpers Magazine. Harpers Magazine Foundation, Dec. 1943. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. http://www.harpers.org/archive/1943/12/0020617. (5) Wikipedia contributors. H. H. Holmes. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 16 Apr. 2012. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Holmes

Apoptosis And Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins Family: A

Apoptosis And Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins Family: A   Background Apoptosis is an orchestrated biological cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions(1). It is essential for regulating development, homeostasis, and immune-system function in organisms(2). In mammalian cells, apoptosis is mediated by a family of cysteine proteases named caspases which are initially expressed in cells as inactive procaspase precursors and are activated by two pathways, the extrinsic ( or death receptor) and intrinsic (or mitochondrial) apoptotic pathways(1). The extrinsic pathway is activated by the binding of ligands such as Fas ligand (FasL) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) to death receptors on the cell surface, FAS and the TNF receptor (TNFR), respectively, which leads to the formation of the death-induced signalling complex (DISC)(3)(4). DISC recruits caspase-8 and promotes the cascade of procaspase activation that follows(5). The intrinsic pathway is triggered by extracellular and intracellular stresses, such as high cytosolic [ca+2 ], hypoxia, severe oxidative stress, DNA damage(5), which results in the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, the release of pro-apoptotic molecules such as cytochrome C and others into the cytoplasm(6), the formation of the apoptosome- a large protein complex that is made up of cytochrome C, apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF1) and caspase-9 and caspase activation(7). On the other hand, cell death is also modified by other mitochondrial proteins such as apoptosis-inducing factor(AIF), second mitochondria- derived activator of caspase (Smac), direct IAP Binding protein with low PI (DIABLO)   and Omi/high temperature requirement protein A (Htr A2)(7). Smac/ DIABLO or Omi/HtrA2 induces cell death independently of caspase activation by counteracting inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)- mediated caspase inhibition(7)(8)( Fig. 1). The upstream caspase for the intrinsic pathway is caspase 9, while that of the extrinsic pathway is caspase 8. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways cleave the precursor forms of effector caspases, such ascaspase-3, caspase-6 and caspase-7(9). Activated effector caspases cleave many vital cellular proteins such as protein kinases, cytoskeletal proteins, DNA repair proteins and inhibitory subunits of endonucleases family and break up the nuclear scaffold and cytoskeleton(9). They also activate DNAase, that further degrade nuclear DNA(10), which together contribute to the typical morphological changes in apoptosis. Dysregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, including cancer(1). Besides, targeting the apoptotic pathways for cancer treatment is supported by several findings emphasizing the role of aberrant apoptosis in tumorigenesis and also resistance to anticancer treatment. Evasion from apoptosis is critical for tumor growth and a hallmark of cancer(11). One of the mechanisms by which evasion of apoptosis occurs is   disrupted balance of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins(1). A delicate balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic mechanisms determines whether a cell death signal can activate the apoptotic program. It is not the absolute quantity but rather the ratio of these pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins that controls the regulation of cell death. In this balance, pro-apoptotic proteins activate apoptosis and anti-apoptotic proteins inhibit apoptosis(12)(13). Inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAPs)   are important members of the anti-ap optotic family of proteins that can inhibit   caspase activation and play a key role in regulating of apoptosis in many species(1). Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs): The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins are a group of structurally and functionally similar proteins that regulate programmed cell death, cytokinesis and signal transduction(14). The   IAP gene is 1.6 kb in size encoding a 31 kDa protein with a zinc finger-like motif. Many IAP family members have been identified in almost all species from viruses to mammals(15). They are characterized by the baculovirus IAP repeats (BIR) domain at the N- terminus, the name of which derives from the original discovery of these apoptosis suppressors in the genome of baculoviruses(16). The BIR domain contains approximately 70 amino acids. Although the number of BIR domains varies among IAP members, each BIR domain is made up of cysteine and histidine residues in a well-defined pattern (CX2CX16HX6C)(15). IAP acts as endogenous inhibitor of caspases by binding of their conserved BIR domains to the active sites of caspases in vitro and   vivo. IAPs inhibit caspases by promoting the degradation of active caspases, or by sequestering the caspases away from their substrates(17). When IAP family members are overexpressed, cancer cells no longer proceed to apoptosis and become increasingly resistant to standard chemo- and radiation therapies(18)(19). Many studies have established a circumstantial association between IAPs and cancer. Pathological overexpression of several IAP family members has been detected in several classes of human cancers(20)(21)(22). The eight IAPs identified in humans are cIAP1, cIAP2, NAIP, Survivin, XIAP, apollon, ILP-2 and livin(23). Interestingly, many data have shown that c-IAP1, c-IAP2 and XIAP are   broadly expressed in normal cells(24)(22). In normal tissues, IAPs could have some potential physiological roles, such as the regulation of the immune system(25), the response to cell damage(25), cell survival and differentiation(26). On the other hand, it has been proven in many studies that survivin, unlike other IAPs, is prominently expressed in vast majority of neoplasms but not in differentiated normal tissues(27). Survivin has been reported to be overexpressed in various cancers including breast and lung cancer, prostate, gastric, colon, bladder and esophageal carcinomas, osteosarcomas and lymphomas(28)(29). Overexpression of survivin was also found to be significantly associated with poor prognosis and decreased survivial rates in many cancers(30)(31). Survivin: Survivin (also Called IAP 4) is a protein with a crucial role in regulating both cell division and apoptosis. It is the smallest member of the IAP family(29). Survivin, a 16.5 kDa intracellular   protein of 142 amino acid, was discovered in 1997 by Ambrosini and colleagues(32). Structurally, survivin contains a single BIR domain. This domain is essential for its anti-apoptotic activity(33). However, instead of a ring finger domain (RING) near the C-terminus shared by others members of the IAPs, survivin contains a C-terminus alpha-helical coiled-coil (CC) domain which is thought to be important for its interaction with microtubules, hence its roles in cell cycle(34)(35) In normal tissues, survivin shows cell -cycle dependent expression during cell division. Its expression increases in G2/M phase and decreases rapidly in G1(29). The regulation of survivn expression and function is complex and can occur at various levels, including transcriptional regulation, post-translational modification, and protein stability regulation(27). it is regulated by a number of factors such as: NF-nB(36), insulin-like growth factor I/mTOR(37), Ras oncogene family(38), E2F, Sp1, TCF, and heat shock protein (Hsp) 90(39)(40).   Survivin is also regulated by p53 wild type. Additionally, post-transcriptional phosphorylation has been proven to play a   regulatory role in survivin activation(41). Biologic function of survivin Survivin as an inhibitor of apoptosis The mechanism by which survivin inhibits apoptosis is still controversial. Initially, survivin and other IAPs were postulated to inhibit apoptosis directly by interfering with the function of caspase-3, caspase- 7, and caspase-9(42).   In support of this model, it was shown that survivin can interact with Smac/DIABLO physically, thus placing survivin in a central position in the dynamic balance of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic factors(43). However, Structural analyses of survivin indicated later that any effect on caspase should be indirect, as it lacks the amino acid sequence that is essential in other IAPs for caspase binding. Also, the survivin gene is highly conserved in a wide range of organisms, and all of its orthologues are involved in mitotic regulation but not in cytoprotection(44).   Studies of cells from survivin-knockout mice have cast further doubt on the existence of a direct link between survivin and apoptosis(45). Later experiments indicated that Survivin inhibits active caspase-9 but not active caspase-3 and caspase-7. And, survivin mediated inhibition of caspase-9 requires interaction and cooperation with other molecules such as   HBXIP (hepatitis B X-interacting protein)(46) and   XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) which also known as inhibitor of apoptosis protein 3 (IAP3)(47) (Fig. 3). Survivin also provides cytoprotection to cells through the inhibition of the AIF pathway, which is known to induce caspase-independent DNA fragmentation(48). Survivin as a promotor of mitosis The cell- cycle dependent expression of survivin in normal tissues   supports strongly its role in cell division. During mitosis, survivin acts in a narrow time window at metaphase and anaphase. It is acting as an interphase between the centromere/central spindle and the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC)(49). CPC is a hetero-tetrameric complex which localizes to different sites at different times during mitosis, and   is composed of four components:   Aurora-B Kinase (enzymatic component), Borealin/Dasra, Survivin and inner centromere protein (INCENP)(50)(51). CPC is essential for proper chromosome segregation and cytokinesis(52). Inactivation of mammalian survivin -or its orthologues in lower organisms results in cytokinesis abnormalities, particularly spindle defects(53)(54) (Fig. 3)(55). Survivin facilitating angiogenesis In addition to its roles in apoptosis and mitosis, survivin   promotes angiogenesis. it is strongly expressed in endothelial cells (EC) during   the proliferative phase of angiogenesis(56)(57) and the antisense-mediated suppression of survivin   during angiogenesis stimulates vascular regression in vitro(58). Besides, exposure of cultured vascular EC to angiogenic factors such as VEGF and bFGF result in increasing survivin expression (both mRNA and protein)(59)(60). Survivin expression In normal physiological conditions, survivin is usually expressed in   embryonic lung and fetal organs in the developmental Stages(61). The protein is also detected in mature tissues with high proliferation potential such as thymus, placenta, CD34+ stem cells and basal colonic epithelial cells(61)(62)(63). However survivin seems to be selectively expressed in transformed cells and in most human cancers. Many studies have shown that survivin, unlike other IAPs, is prominently expressed in the vast majority of neoplasms but not in the differentiated normal tissue(27). Based on detection of protein by immunohistochemistry and mRNA by polymerase chain reaction techniques, overexpression of survivin has been reported in various human malignancies including lung cancer(64), breast cancer(65)(66); stomach(67)(68), esophagus(69), liver(70)(71), ovary cancers(72), brain(73) and hematological cancers(74). Additionally, the immunological responses which detected against survivin supports its specific up-regulation in malignant cells(75)(76). Survivin protein has also been shown to induce cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) response in   breast cancer, melanoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia patients(76). Survivin expression can be deregulated in cancer by several mechanisms, including amplification of the survivin locus on chromosome 17q25 (77), demethylation of survivin exons(78), increased promoter activity(79), and increased upstream signaling in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or mitogen activated protein kinase pathways(80). Overall, increased survivin expression in several malignancies is associated with cancer survival or disease recurrence, and resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In a study of 275 patients with breast cancer demonstrated that survivin was a significant prognostic factor and predicted the outcome independent of patients age, tumor size and histologic grade(81). In the case of ovarian cancers, survivin expression was correlated with poor prognostic factors such as: high histologic  grade, mutant p53, and poor histologic type(81)(82). Also, previous studies demonstrated that survivin was expressed in benign brain and pituitary tumors. Although survivin   was also present in normal pituitary tissue,   the level of the gene expression was 6-fold higher in tumors than in normal pituitary tissue(83). In a study of 222   patients who underwent radical cystectomy, survivin was expressed in 64% of bladder tumors and 94% of malignant lymph nodes, but not in normal bladder specime ns and its expression correlated with disease recurrence and disease-specific mortality(84).   Also, increased survivin expression has been associated with an unfavorable survival or disease recurrence in colorectal cancer(85), particularly in stage II disease in esophageal cancer(86), hepatocellular carcinoma(87), lung cancer(88), glioma(89), leukemia(90), and other cancer types. A   study in oral cancer demonstrated that the extent of survivin expression was negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation(91). Additionally, survivin overexpression may be a predictive factor to determine response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with bladder cancer(92), breast cancer(93), multiple myeloma(94), lung cancer(95) and lymphoma(96)(97). On other hand, patients with lower survivin expression were more responsive to preoperative chemotherapy with 5-flourouracil and cisplatin in esophageal cancer(98). It is also reported that patients with lower survivin expression in pretreatment biopsies were more responsive to radiotherapies in rectal cancer(99). While Overexpression of survivin was associated with   resistance to a taxol-based   therapy for ovarian carcinomas(100). In addition to full-length transcript (survivin (wild type)), five splice variants, which result from splicing of survivin BIRC5 gene pre-messenger RNA (mRNA), have been described: survivin-ΔEx3, survivin-3B, survivin-2ß, survivin2ÃŽ ± and survivin 3ÃŽ ± with different structure and function(101)(102)(103). Previous studies showed that an imbalance in the alternative transcript ratios may affect the cell to be resistant or sensitive to apoptosis(104). This alternative splicing of Survivin has been shown to have correlation with disease activity in various patient studies. For example, studies showed that Survivin-ΔEx3 and survivin-3B were found to be highest in tumors with advanced histological grade and were associated with poor prognosis(105)(106). On other hand, the expression of survivin-2ß was significantly higher in small tumor size and was inversely associated with axillary node positive carcinomas(106). Besides different splicing forms, immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that survivin also localized   in distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic subcellular pools. Cytosolic Survivin is believed to act as apoptotic suppressor while nuclear Survivin is postulated to regulate cell division(29). There are conflicting data of pathological significance of nuclear Survivin.   Some Splicing studies showed that nuclear staining of survivin is associated with favorable prognosis(107), while others showed Its expression in the nuclei of tumor cells appears to be associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes(108)(109). Also, the cellular localization of Survivin isoforms   differs. while survivin-2ß   and Survivin 2a are localized in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments, survivin-ΔEx3 is localized in both mitochondria and nucleus(110). Additionally, Methylation and Phosphorylation are critical requirements for survivin function. Several observations show that survivin is unmethylated in cancer but may be selectively methylate  d in normal tissues with individual variations(111)(112). Methylation may play an important role in the p53 mediated suppression of survivin(113). Another critical requirement for survivin function is the phosphorylation on Thr34(114) Treatment approaches: Due to important role of Survivin in tumor cell division, apoptosis, chemo resistance and survival, survivin represents a unique target for biologic therapy in many human malignancies. Several novel experimental therapeutic strategies have been developed to block the expression or function of Survivin in tumour cells. These include immunotherapeutic approaches to induce immune response against Survivin, small molecule inhibitors/antagonists of   survivin function, and nucleic acid based approaches which interfere with Survivin gene expression(115)   such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), ribozymes and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)(116). Also, Vaccine approaches such as dendritic cell based (DC) vaccines, DNA vaccines(117), peptide vaccines for Survivin have also been evaluated in preclinical or clinical studies. Survivin ASOs were first used against malignant melanoma cell lines. Transfection with the ASOs triggered spontaneous apoptosis linked to decreased endogenous survivin expression(118) . Treatment with LY2181308, a specific inhibitor of Survivin mRNA which has already entered the phase 1 trial(119). YM-155 is a novel small-molecule survivin suppressant which inhibits survivin mRNA transcription and protein expression in p53-deficient cancer cells in vitro(120). YM155 has also shown to be effective in vivo models of prostate, pancreatic, and lung cancer(120)(121). Ribozyme mediated approaches have also been evaluated for inhibition of Survivin expression. Down-regulation of human Survivin gene expression and increased apoptosis was achieved by using two hammerhead ribozymes (RZ-1, RZ-2) targeting human Survivin mRNA (122) PIQL: Success-Tolerant Query Processing in the Cloud PIQL: Success-Tolerant Query Processing in the Cloud Advanced Topics in Foundations of Databases PIQL: Success-Tolerant Query Processing in the Cloud Stavros Anastasios Iakovou Introduction In our days it is widely know that modern web applications are directly linked with databases. In addition, the number of the users is highly increas- ing through the time and as result the related databases start overloading. Furthermore, despite the fact that data indepence would be ideal for im- plemeting lithe applications developers abandoned this idea in order to avoid expensive queries. Hence, Michael Armbrust et al.[1] implemented a new declarative language called PIQL, a scale independent language. A large number of frameworks have already appeared in order to assist developers to create modern web applications. However, this plethora of websites with millions of users led to database failures due to lack of request managing. As a result, there was a demand on implementation of a new system that will control all these requests and provide efficient results to users. A few methods have introduced and one of the most popular is NoSQL. Despite the fact that NoSQL provided a high level interface, data indepen- dence created scalability problems since a large number of queries took a lot of time. This led to to several issues like performance failing and user disatisfaction as well. In order to avoid this bad situation scientists hand coded key/value implementations. On the one hand, this provided the de- sirable scalability but, on the other hand is was not easy enough for the developers to write that kind of code to parallelize their queries so as to fi achieve high scalability. Another significant issue is time consuming functions rewrites. Now, once we talked about several problems occured by queries in the next section we will discuss about PIQL. More specifically, we will present this method and give a brief summary of the implementation. In the rest of the document we will discuss about the performance of the previous imple- mentation. What is PIQL? In this section we will discuss and analyze the PIQL (PerformanceInsightful Query Language) model. One important advantage of PIQL is that intro- duced the notion of scale independency. More specifically, the model pre- serves the logical data independence. The most significant about data this technique is that performace maintains not only on small datasets but also in large as well. For this reason this is called success-tolerant since the success is for every large dataset. But why PIQL is successful? The answer is on the limitation on key/value store operations. As we previously mentioned, one goal of PIQL is to avoid issues when the database gets larger. PIQL uses static analysis in order to fi the correct number of operation in every step of the execution. Before we move to the next step of the analysis of the methodology we should mention the four queries classes. The fi one is called constant since the processing time is constant. The second one is the bounded class. More specifically this class refers to bounded data when the site becomes more popular. For instance, in case of Facebook every user has a limit of 5000 friends. The third class is called sub-linear or linear and is referring to queries that become more successfull when the data increase linearly. The last one is Super-linear where intermediate calculations are necessary for the queries. Now, once we mentioned all the necessary theoritical parts of PIQL we will discuss on its structure. Every server is directly connected with a Distributed Key/Value Store. Hence, this methodology maintains the scalability and the response time is now predictable. A significant drawback of this technique is that a specific key/value store is required so as to maintain data locality. On the other hand, this method is non-blocking and according to Chen et al.[2] can reduce memory latency. Another important benefit of PIQL is that extends the cardinality con- straint of regular direction to diff ent directions as well. More specifi , these cardinalities provide several information on its relationships. For in- stance, a Facebook user should have no more than 5000 friends. This is a very significant information since selecting the wrong number for limita- tions can lead back to the previous problems. Thinking again the Facebook limitations for the maximum number of friends on Facebook, according to Brandtzg et al.[3] a significant issue that occurs is the lack of privacy. Hence, the limitations are not only important for the performance but also for the user protection as well. In addition, the same person can create a new profit for free and add his new friends there. As a result, 5000 friends is not actually a limitation for a user and is provided in terms of privacy and performance. According to Michael Armbrust et al.[1] their algorithm for scale inde- pendent optim ization contains two phases. The fi one is reffering to stop operator insertion. In order to maintain scalability, the algorithm starts by fi a linear join ordering on the query parser. Depsite the fact that stop operator is already contained due to LIMIT which in contained in the reg- ular query, scientists have introduced data-stop operators which are pushed in lower levels in order to preserve the initial rules without the demand of  restart the whole system. Next, after fiphase 1 the second step which is called remote op- erator matching. As we previously mentioned we should ensure scalabiliy. Hence, the intermediate results are bounded. But how all these logical op- erators are mapped on remote operators? For Index Scan, that means that maximum one attribute can be affected by predicates. As for Index Foreign Key join the number of tuples after the join is less than or than the tuples of the initial plan. References [1] Armbrust, Michael, et al. PIQL: Success-tolerant query processing in the cloud. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 5.3 (2011): 181-192. [2] Chen, Tien-Fu, and Jean-Loup Baer. Reducing memory latency via non- blocking and prefetching caches. Vol. 27. No. 9. ACM, 1992. [3] Brandtzg, Petter Bae, Marika Lders, and Jan Hvard Skjetne. Too many Facebook friends? Content sharing and sociability versus the need for pri- vacy in social network sites. Intl. Journal of HumanComputer Interaction 26.11-12 (2010): 1006-1030.

Essay On Poems :: essays research papers

Essay on 3 Things The three sources I have selected are all based on females. They are all of change and transformation. Two of my selections, "The Friday Everything Changed" by Anne Hart, and "Women and World War II " By Dr. Sharon, are about women’s rites of passage. The third choice, "The sun is Burning Gases (Loss of a Good Friend)" by Cathleen McFarland is about a girl growing up. The first selection of mine was a short story called "The Friday Everything Changed" by Anne Hart. The changes in this story are good in a woman’s point of view. The author Anne Hart talks about her school years in this short story. She talks about how a girl in her class asked a question that changed their lives forever. The question her friend Niles asked was "Why can’t girls go for the water, too?"1. In those days getting the water for the class was a boy’s job. To go out every Friday, to fill the bucket up with water, and bring it back to class. This showed that you were strong, and you also got to have some fun missing half an hour of class. Because the boy’s felt threatened by this question, they started bugging and picking on the girls to make them change their minds. But the girls didn’t, and that is what changed their lives. At the end the teacher did let the girls go for the water, and that was a big change for the girls in those days. To show that they can do what the boys can do. Now the girls also get to miss class getting the water and not only the boys. This short story had a humorous tone to it. For example when the author say’s "are you trying to be saucy , alma?"2 and "Alma threw a bombshell of her own,"3 etc. The second selection of mine was an essay named "Women and World War II " by Dr. Sharon. There were two different changes in this essay that the war created for the women of America, there was a bad change and a good change. The bad change in this essay is that most of the women were left to take care of their families by themselves. They had to find jobs to provide for their families. The good change was that it widened the horizons of American women.